V OF ILLINOIS LIBRARY AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN BIOLOGY NOV 6 1996 FLORA OF PERU BY J. FRANCIS MACBRIDE CURATOR, PERUVIAN BOTANY BOTANICAL SERIES FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY VOLUME XIII, PART V-B, NUMBER 1 MAY 11, 1962 PUBLICATION 951 FLORA OF PERU BY J. FRANCIS MACBRIDE CURATOR, PERUVIAN BOTANY BOTANICAL SERIES FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY VOLUME XIII, PART V-B, NUMBER 1 MAY 11, 1962 PUBLICATION 951 Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 36-10^26 5?o. 5 H FLORA OF PERU J. FRANCIS MACBRIDE SOLANACEAE (Juss.) Lindl. Herbaceous or ligneous, occasionally arborescent but various in habit. Leaves alternate but often geminate and then usually un- equal, rarely pseudo-opposite r verticillate, simple or rarely pin- nate, or even bipinnate. Flowers solitary to many, often disposed in cymes (one way or another modified), hermaphrodite, infrequently zygomorphic. Sepals commonly persisting, rather often accrescent. Corolla rotate to tubular, rarely bilabiate, ordinarily 5-merous, aesti- vation exceptionally imbricate, generally plicate, now and then con- volute. Hypogynous torus seldom lacking. Ovary 2 (-5) -celled, ovules generally anatropous. Stamens on tube, alternate with lobes, didymous in one section only. Fruit indehiscent or dehiscent, dry to very wet, the seeds usually many. Seven groups indicating presumed relationships according to Bentham and Hooker f., Wettstein, and, recently, Sleumer (Lilloa 23: 118. 1950) have been defined as to basic character in the generic key. ; To avoid dependence on the not readily observed character of the f embryo, that of aestivation (it too not always discernible) has been Caused as a supplementary key-aid; much remains to be done on the ^ classification, as corolla form and calyx accrescence both occur in many degrees and are in themselves of questionable significance. Charles Baehni in 1946 (Candollea 10: 399-494) recorded his ob- servations on the opening of Solanaceous flower buds. Vassobia dichotoma (Rusby) Bitter, Repert. Sp. Nov. 15: 150. 1917 (Cyphomandra dichotoma Rusby, Mem. Torrey Bot. Club 4: 231. 1895), with detailed description (type from Yungas, Bolivia, Bang 519}, and also Coranitales by Hertzog, if found is, fide Sleumer, near Dunalia but has flowers apically fascicled ; Rusby's description notes a terminal inflorescence, laxly fasciculate but composite, 1.5-2 dm. long and wide, corolla 10-14 mm. long, 16 mm. wide, purple, anthers subsessile, berry ellipsoid, 3^4 mm. long on pedicels at least 2 cm. long; probably V. atropioides Rusby, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Card. 4: 422. 1907, is the same. 3 4 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII Stamens 5 and all fertile (abnormally 1 reduced). Aestivation of corolla lobes more or less imbricate; embryo strongly curved except Marked and Juanulloa. Corolla small; branched, often spiny shrubs (Atropeae). Fruit drupaceous, with 4 nutlets; leaves usually subrotund. 1. Grdbowskia. Fruit berry-like, often 8-seeded; leaves usually narrow. 2. Lycium. Corolla elongate, contracted or ampliate apically; subsimple shrubs or half -shrubs, often subscandent (Cestrinae). Corolla amplification continuous 16. Marked. Corolla usually contracted at apex 17. Juanulloa. Aestivation valvate or induplicate-valvate, limb sometimes sub- equally plicate; embryo strongly curved; fruit usually a suc- culent berry (Solaneae). Anther dehiscence by apical pores, cells sometimes joined, ex- tended. Connective of anther cells slender or not gibbous. 27. Solanum. Connective of anther cells stout, more or less gibbous dorsally. 4. Cyphomandra. Anther dehiscence longitudinal, sometimes early by chinks, finally to base or nearly (cf. Solanum Pennellii, S. lyco- persicoides and section Lycopersicum) , anther cells extended. Calyx clearly accrescent in fruit, growth even early apparent. Calyx appressed, not inflated nor costate or obscurely. Flowers rotate or applanate-complanate, fasciculate. 5. Withania. Flowers funnelform, dilated. Section lochroma in 9. Dunalia. Calyx inflated or lax; fruit included, rarely visible between lobes (cf. Juanulloa}. Flowers usually fasciculate, narrowly and deeply lobed. 5. Withania. Flowers single or geminate. Ovary 2-celled; calyx not or little alately angled; plants often pubescent. Corolla rotate or applanate-campanulate. 6. Physalis. FLORA OF PERU 5 Corolla tubular-campanulate or broadly funnelform. 7. Cacabus. Ovary 3-5-celled; calyx alately angled; plants glabrate (Nicandreae) 3. Nicandra. Calyx more or less spreading; fruit exserted. Corolla applanate-campanulate. 8. (Hebecladus) Saracha. Corolla tubular-funnelf orm 9. Dunalia. Calyx not at all or scarcely accrescent even below mature fruit, in Datura caducous, partly persisting or circumscissile and base somewhat accrescent. Corolla tube well-developed or corolla funnelform or large, openly campanulate; stamens often longer than tube; leaves never imbricate. Ovary 2-celled; calyx not elongate-tubular, 5-denticulate, truncate or cleft. Calyx truncate or early subevenly 5-denticulate; co- rolla more or less tubular or funnelform. 9. Dunalia. Calyx unevenly, rarely shortly, and medially 5-6-cleft; corolla campanulate 10. Poecilochroma. Calyx cleft, often nearly to base. Leaves entire 11. Salpichroa. Leaves not entire 12. Jaborosa. Ovary pseud o-4-celled by placentae; calyx long-tubular, sometimes spathaceous (Datureae) 15. Datura. Corolla rotate or short-campanulate; stamens not or scarcely longer or leaves imbricate (Solaneae). Leaves simple; flowers 1-few, or rarely many and fas- ciculate. Leaves imbricate; stamens exserted . . 13. Witheringia. Leaves never imbricate; stamens not or little exserted. 14. Capsicum. Leaves compound; flowers often in cymes, corymbs or racemes; anther dehiscence rarely or tardily longi- tudinal, a few species, mostly section Lycopersicum. 27. Solarium. Aestivation of corolla lobes plicate, induplicate-valvate or imbri- cate; embryo straight or somewhat curved; (known) fruit cap- 6 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII sular, baccate or a berry but often nearly dry (cf. Datura), (Cestrinae). Corolla lobes equal, imbricate, tube ampliate; scandent or lax, flowers few; calyx often enclosing fruit. 17. Juanulloa, 16. Marked. Corolla lobes unequal or induplicate-valvate, tube slender; erect or low half -shrubs or herbs; fruit exserted. Flowers usually many in each inflorescence. Seeds usually few; fruit indehiscent or valvate, often tar- dily; shrubs or trees 18. Oestrum. Seeds usually many; herbs, often in Peru tall, subligneous or rarely ligneous 19. Nicotiana. Flowers solitary, terminal or lateral. Leaves minute, closely imbricate 20. Fabiana. Leaves not minute, lax if crowded 21. Nierembergia. Stamens 2-4 fertile, always unequal (Salpiglossidae). Herbs or ligneous below in age; corolla bilabiate at least slightly. Annual or becoming half-shrubs; corolla yellow or greenish or white with yellow center. Corolla tube ampliate 22. Salpiglossis. Corolla tube (Peru) subfiliform 23. Schwenkia. Annuals, evanescent; corolla blue or purple, rarely white. 24. Browallia. Shrubs or trees. Leaves rugose; corolla tube spiralled 25. Streptosolen. Leaves not rugose; corolla tube straight 26. Brunfelsia. 1. GRABOWSKIA Schlecht. Shrubby plants with stout rigid axillary spines and fleshy or firm rotund leaves, similar in habit to some Lyciums but the bony 2-celled fruit with 4 stones or nutlets (pyrenes), these 1-2-seeded. Bitter, Bot. Jahrb. 54, Beibl. 119. 17. 1916, described the fruit as a drupe instead of a berry because of the stony concretion about the seeds except at base, this with 3 teeth (L'He'ritier). Grabowskia boerhaaviaefolia (L. f.) Schlecht. Linnaea 7: 71. 1832. Lycium boerhaaviaefolium L. f. Suppl. 150. 1781. L. hetero- FLORA OF PERU 7 phyllum Murr. Comm. Goett. 6, pi. 2. 1783. Ehretia halimi/olia L'He>. Stirp. Nov. 45, pi. 23. 1785. A glaucous-leaved orange-berried shrub with arching branches (Svenson), the leaves ovate to subrotund, often shortly acuminate, 1.5-3.5 (4) cm. wide; flowers in short corymbs or panicles, violet or white with yellowish or green veins in the pubescent throat; calyx subtruncate, acutely 5-denticulate, 4 mm. long; corolla, with reflex- ing lobes, about 10 mm. long; stamens exserted; fruit 7-8 mm. long. According to Oscar Haught this curious endemic shrub (1-3 meters high) is a common and characteristic plant of the coast of Piura; generally in the northern desert region (Weberbauer, 106; 153; 161). Dammer, Bot. Jahrb. 50, Beibl. 111. 52. 1913, reported Weberbauer 3783 as the first record outside of cultivation; it was grown at Paris from seeds sent by Joseph Jussieu (Lamarck Encycl. 3: 510. 1791); perhaps Lycium salsum R. & P. from Lima was cultivated, if, as possible, it is the same. Illustrated, Miers, 111. S. Am. PI. Piura: Parinas Valley, Haught 79. Near Hacienda Nomala, Web- erbauer 591f.5; 153. Nigritos, (Haught & Svenson 11609). Talara, Haught 15 (det. Weberbauer); Johnston 3506. Cajamarca: Tem- bladera, 400 meters, Weberbauer 3783. Lima: In rocks, Chosica, 4.86; Nunez 1870; Soukup 3797. Fifth km. east of Lima, Goodspeed 33085. Galapagos. "Gabonilla." 2. LYCIUM L. Reference: C. L. Hitchcock, Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 19: 179-374. 1932. Peruvian species spiny shrubs with small, often fascicled leaves and 1-several axillary narrowly funnelform flowers, the lobes imbri- cate in bud. Filaments unappendaged, sometimes pubescent at base or ciliate-glandular, usually inserted below the middle of the corolla, this often pubescent within toward base. Ovary 2-celled, the 2 car- pels usually undivided, the more or less berry-like fruit 1-many seeded. Embryo curved, at least nearly half- turned. Calyx lobes at least two-thirds as long as tube or 2 mm. long or longer, the lobes equal. Corolla glabrate without, but lobes usually ciliate . . . . L. fragosum. Corolla slightly pubescent toward base L. distichum. Calyx lobes less than two-thirds as long as tube, usually shorter than 2 mm., often unevenly cleft and somewhat 2-lipped . L. nodosum. 8 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII Lycium distichum Meyen, Reise 1 : 448. 1834; 263. Grabowskia disticha (Meyen) Nees ex DC. Prodr. 13, pt. 1: 527. 1852. L. oreo- philum Wedd. Choris And. 2: 108. 1857. L. leiostemum Wedd. I.e. L. divaricatum Rusby, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Card. 8: 117. 1912. An open much-branched shrub, the branches or branchlets more or less elongate, early densely cinereous pubescent, mostly at least the young shoots apically armed with slender sharp spines; leaves oblong-ovate to obovate or linear-spathulate, rounded to acute, pu- berulent and glandular-tomentulose, 4-12 mm. long, 1-3 mm. wide, those at base of branches commonly ovate, single or geminate, the younger upper narrower, 1-3-fasciculate, the old nodes enlarged; pedicels solitary at nodes 3-7 mm. long; calyx campanulate, 3-4 mm. long, sparsely pubescent, the lanceolate acute ciliolate lobes sub- equaling the tube; corolla obconic-tubular, the tubular portion 11- 13 mm. long, about 3 mm. across at apex, 1.5-3 mm. at base, more or less pubescent near calyx lobes, the (4) 5 rounded lobes glabrous, about 1.5 mm. long; filaments subequal, adnate below middle of tube and pilose for 2 mm. above the adnate portion, the corolla tube pu- bescent also for 4 mm. below this free portion especially along the vascular traces of the filament (Hitchcock), or filaments and corolla tube glabrous or with 1 or 2 trichomes within (L. leiostemum) or the stamens inserted above the middle of the corolla (L. oreophilum); style equaling stamens, stigma nearly 1 mm. broad; berry reddish- purple, 6-10 seeded. Corolla white except lavender limb (Worth & Morrison). According to Hitchcock (from whom the synonymy is taken), I.e., Nees wrote L. (Grabowskia) distichum (Meyen) Nees, Nov. Act. Acad. Caes. Leop. 19, Suppl. 1: 389. 1843. Hitchcock, I.e. 265, has carefully observed the apparent differences, at least ex char, between the types of Weddell and Meyen but the problem can scarcely be solved until more collections are available. Illus- trated, Hitchcock, pi 16, fig. 26. F.M. Neg. 2461. Cuzco: Lahumarmaqui, Urubamba, Vargas 7865; Gay (type, L. leiostemum, Paris). Arequipa: Mollendo, Weberbauer 1520 (ex char. L. leiostemum); Worth & Morrison 15768 (probably but calyx not typical); Pampa La Joya, Ferreyra 6425. Puno: Yura, (Williams 2554, type, L. divaricatum, New York). Tacna: Cordillera de Palca, Weddell (type, L. oreophilum, Paris). Cordillera Tacna, 2000 meters, Meyen (type, Berlin). Lycium fragosum Miers, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 2, 14: 132. 1854; 266. FLORA OF PERU 9 Resembles L. distichum; leaves linear to spatulate, 2-15 mm. long, 0.5-1.25 mm. wide, densely hirtellous-puberulent, 3-8-fasciculate, frequently revolute; calyx 2.5-3.5 mm. long, the 4 lobes nearly as long as the tube; corolla glabrous without, the 4 oval lobes 1-1.5 mm. long; filaments adnate medially or less, pilose the first 2-3 mm. of their free portion, the tube also slightly pubescent adjacent to and below the free portion; style 1-2 mm. shorter than stamens. As suggested by the monographer himself the type of Miers should prob- ably be included within the probable variation range of L. distichum Meyen; it was treated as a variant of L. salsum R. & P. (that is, L. nodosum) by Terraciano, Malpighia 4: 530. 1891. Type Cuming 948 bears data in British Museum "Cobija, Iquiqui et Arica," (Hitch- cock) and of course possibly extends into adjacent Peru. Illustrated, Hitchcock, 358, pi. 16, figs. 10-12 (flowers). Peru (see note above). Chile. Lycium nodosum Miers, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 2, 14: 139. 1854; 221. L. salsum R. & P. Fl. Peruv. 2: 46, pi. 183a. 1799, not Bartram, 1792. L. Tweedianum Griseb. Abh. Konig. Ges. Wiss. Got. 19 : 216. 1874, fide Barkley, Lilloa 26 : 206. 1953. Citharexylum flexuo- sum D. Don, var. subglabrum Mold. Repert. Sp. Nov. 137: 222. 1937. L. subglabrum Mold. Phytologia 4: 292. 1953; 6: 353. 1958? Much-branched shrub with a few short spines and often with prominent white-pilose or -puberulent nodal (and even spinal) short shoots; stems gray, brown in age, glabrate; leaves obovate-spatulate, or obovate and rounded-obtuse to linear-elliptic and subovate, gla- brous, 4-40 mm. long, (2) 3-11 mm. wide, cuneate and decurrent into petiole 4-13 mm. long; flowers 1-3 at nodes, pedicels 3-13 mm. long, glabrous as calyx (unless lobes), this with cupulate tube 13 mm. long, 2 lips 2-3 mm. long and lobes 0.5-1.5 mm. long or not 2-lipped, the lobes then 0.4-1.5 mm. long, broadly triangular, subciliate to ciliate; corolla densely pilose within, around or between stamen in- sertion, the tube 4-7 mm. long, the lobes 2-5 mm. long, 2-2.5 mm. broad, usually ciliate; stamens exserted, attached 2-5.5 mm. above base of tube, filaments more or less pilose, style 8-9 mm. long; fruit spherical, red, 3-5 mm. thick. Description and synonyms by Bark- ley, who decided that L. nodosum and L. Tweedianum as delimited by Hitchcock represent the two extremes of a very variable species; Svenson, Amer. Journ. Bot. 33: 483. 1946, noted some variation in size of flower parts in Ecuadorian plants in contrast to those from Argentina, both forms or variants however described as having green 10 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII flowers and rounded obtuse fruit while the plant from Lima ex char, has pale reddish to deep lavender corolla, viscous elongate reflexed lobes and very elongated and pointed fruit. Accordingly, more in- vestigation may show that L. nodosum Miers, also of Argentina, is not the same as L. salsum R. & P., in which case the latter apparently will require a new name. The native name signifying a salty spine refers to the taste of the leaves (Ruiz & Pavon) . Illustrated, Miers, 111. S. Amer. PI. 2: 115, pi. 69a; page 131, pi. 72c (L. salsum} ; Hitch- cock, 356, figs. 16-18; figs. 1-3 (L. Tweedianum). Lima: San Juan de Chicla, (Anderson). Rio Blanco, Killip & Smith 21679 (det. Moldenke, L. subglabrum). Lurin, (Mathews 450); Ruiz & Pavdn, (type, L. salsum). Matucana, 2885 (fide Moldenke is L. subglabrum). Near Lima, Wilkes Exped.; Nation. San Augustin, Weberbauer 5226. Argentina and Paraguay, coastal Ecuador, Colom- bia to Venezuela (Barkley). "Cachicasa." 3. NICANDRA Adans. Apple of Peru Calydermos R. & P. Fl. Peruv. 2: 43. 1799. A smooth or nearly smooth annual with ovate sinuate-toothed leaves and solitary peduncled rather large blue or lavender flowers. Calyx enlarged and bladder-like as in Physalis but the thin-walled yellow berry 3-5-celled and nearly or quite dry. The often irregu- larly serrate leaves distinguish it in flower from Saracha species in Peru; in fruit of course the accrescent calyx differentiates it from Physalis; in flower it is marked by the showy blossom. Wettstein isolated this as a subgroup, showing that the ovules are borne on unevenly lobulate placentae (Pflanzenfam. IV, Abt. 3: 11, fig. 5. 1895). Practically, in floristic work, it must be keyed in relation- ship to Physalis L. which it so closely resembles. Could be a poet's inspiration, in flower or fruit; indeed, named for one, Nicander of Colophon, Ionia (Asia Minor). Nicandra Physalodes (L.) Gaertn. Fruct. 2: 237. 1791. Atropa physalodes L. Sp. PI. 181. 1753. Physalis datura(e)folia Lam. Diet. 2: 102. 1786. C. erosus R. & P. I.e. Physalodes peruviana [Mill.] Ktze. Rev. Gen. 452. 1891. A common bushy plant of dryer, usually disturbed soils (Weber- bauer, 106; 107). Native to Peru, it has long been grown for orna- ment and now and then persists after cultivation. FLORA OF PERU 11 Cajamarca: San Miguel, Ferreyra 7080; 5308; Weberbauer, 188. La Libertad: Chicama Valley, Smyth 35; 52 (det. Killip). Lima: Along Rio Chillon, Pennell 1W1 . Huara, Soukup 1004- Matucana, 295. Surco, Nunez 2687. Above Lima, (Weberbauer, 166) ; (Ruiz & Pavori). Huanuco: 20^1; Pavon; Stork & Horton 9365. Apurimac: Pachachaca Valley, Goodspeed Exped. 10565. Cuzco: Anta, Vargas 198. Valle de San Miguel, Herrera 1990. Torontoi, Cook & Gilbert 822. Arequipa: Mejia, (Gunther & Buchtien 108}. "Capuli cimar- ron," "ccarapamacmam," "jarrito," "orzita de pellejo," "toccoro." The genus Solarium, which usually would be treated at this point, has been placed at the end of the family. (Ed.) 4. CYPHOMANDRA Mart. Pionandra Miers in Hook. Lond. Journ. Bot. 4: 358. 1845. Cyathostyles Schott ex Meissn. Gen. Comm. 184. 1840, nomen nudum. Reference: Dunal in DC. Prodr. 13, pt. 1: 387, 402. 1852. Shrub or small trees with entire, lobed, or pinnately divided leaves; distinguished from Solarium chiefly by the more or less dor- sally thickened (gibbous) connective of the anthers. Leaves, espe- cially when entire, usually somewhat cordate, often obliquely. Fruit ovoid or oblong, many-seeded, sometimes large. This segregate or expedient genus, while not always clearly defined, usually, at least in Peru, has a distinctive facies either because of the leaves, the subsimple or remotely branching and elongating inflorescence, the often large fruits (edible when cooked), or a combination of these characteristics. Solarium incurvum R. & P. was referred here by Werdermann in Herb. Madrid. As most groups in this family at least in Peru as so many others this requires revision by a qualified taxonomist with time and means for the prolonged research necessary to even partial understanding of specific relationships; as usual, recently proposed species may prove to be the same as Amazonian ones. KEY TO CYPHOMANDRA Leaves more or less obliquely cordate at base (if obscurely, indument somewhat glandular), or not entire, often broadly ovate. 12 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII Leaves entire (herbarium material seen), obtusely or acutely acu- minate or cuspidate. Leaves puberulent at least veins beneath; corolla segments ovate-lanceolate. Leaves uniformly pulverulent or finely puberulent beneath. C. crassifolia. Leaves puberulent on the veins beneath (type) . . . . C. obliqua. Leaves quite glabrous at least beneath, where papillose; corolla segments lanceolate or sublinear. Corolla segments lanceolate. Anthers linear-oblong C. splendens, C. coriacea. Anthers broader C. obliqua. Corolla segments sublinear C. endopogon. Leaves, lobes or divisions (these present, at least in some leaves) acutely and narrowly caudate-acuminate or /and pubescent. Branchlets as leaves, at least on nerves, shortly pubescent, rarely hirsutulous, some trichomes gland-tipped unless C. viridiflora. Corolla purplish, more or less puberulent . C. Ulei, C. pendula. Corolla green, lobes lanate marginally C. viridiflora. Branchlets as often leaves long-setose; leaves (in part, type) 3-lobed C. tenuisetosa. Leaves acute or more or less rounded or if oblique at base, rather oblong-elliptic; indument lax, eglandular S. incurvum. Cyphomandra crassifolia (Ortega) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 3, pt. 2: 220. 1898; 393. Solanum crassifolium Ortega, Dec. 9. 117. 1797. S. betacea Cav. Icon. 6: 15, pi. 524. 1801. C. betacea (Cav.) Sendt. Flora 28: 172, pi. 6. 1845. C. betacea (Cav.) Sendt., var. wlutina Dunal in DC. Prodr. 13, pt. 1: 394. 1852? A small tree usually about 3 meters high with ample fleshy cordate-ovate long-petioled (2-3 cm.) leaves, softly pubescent at least beneath, and more or less pendulous waxy pink-tinted glabrous flowers; cymes simple, bifid or trifid, lateral or axillary, subequaling the often reddish-violet petioles; calyx subcampanulate, semi-parted, the broadly ovate subacute segments thicker and accrescent in fruit; corolla rotate-campanulate, to 12 mm. long, the lanceolate concave segments ciliolate, apically reflexed; stamens about 6 mm. long, FLORA OF PERU 13 short filaments terete, anthers oblong, 5 mm. long, minute apical pores slightly inflexed, the fleshy connective linear-oblong, rounded at base, not calloused; ovary conical, style subcylindric, somewhat incrassate to the small glandular stigma; fruit egg-shaped, to about 5 cm. long, maturing reddish- or brownish-yellow. Apparently known in Peru only in cultivation. Miers, Hook. Lond. Journ. 4: 359. 1845, records finding it "in the markets of Lima where it is commonly used for cooking in lieu of the ordinary tomate, the flavour of which it greatly resembles." In central Peru it is not unusual to find one or two trees near dwellings. According to Herrera it is used in making "dulces." Amazonas: Near Chachapoyas, Ferreyra 7109. San Martin: Juanjui, Klug 4192. Huanuco: Tingo Maria, Stork & Horton 9559. Puente Durand, Mexia 8235. Near Muiia, 3875. Loreto: Yurima- guas, Williams 4198. Rio Nanay, Williams 391. Contamana, Killip & Smith 26872. La Victoria, Williams 2615; 2827; 3021 Ayacucho: Weberbauer 5494 (det. Bitter). Cuzco: La Maquina, West 8044- Pomontama, Herrera 2984- Machupicchu, Ferreyra 2708. Ollantaitambo, Cook & Gilbert 770. Torontoi, Cook & Gilbert 1101. Without locality, (Pawn). South America. "Tomate," "tomate de la Paz," "pimiento," "tomate del Campo," "gallinazo panga" (Williams); "berenjena" (Ferreyra). Cyphomandra coriacea (Miers) Dunal in DC. Prodr. 13, pt. 1: 401. 1852. Pionandra coriacea Miers in Hook. Lond. Journ. Bot. 4: 363. 1845. A shrub with very heavy coriaceous glabrous ovate-cordate leaves (petioles 5 cm. long), the larger often more than 1.5 dm. long, at least 1 dm. wide, the smaller more than half as large; petiole and basal leaf -lobes subequal; flowers secund in short racemes, the crowded pedicels articulate; corolla- tube short, the divisions lan- ceolate; anthers linear, erect, the connective fleshy. Apparently this is the earlier name for C. splendens Dunal of Ecuador but it was imperfectly or incompletely described. Amazonas: (Mathews 1971, type). Gyphomandra endopogon Bitter, Bot. Jahrb. 54, Beibl. 119: 16. 1916. A small glabrous (except flowers) tree to 7 meters tall; leaves alternate or geminate, unequal, lustrous both sides, entire, sub- coriaceous, broadly or obliquely ovate-cordate, the larger 1.5 dm. 14 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII long or longer, about two-thirds as wide, the smaller often only half as large or less; petioles 2-7.5 cm. long; inflorescence greatly elongating, usually forking, many- (often 30-50) flowered, the pe- duncle 5 cm. long or longer; calyx 2 mm. long, 5 mm. across, the obtuse lobes marginally puberulent, the open corolla greenish (early pale violet), rotate-stellate, 3.5-4 cm. wide, deeply lobed, the seg- ments 16-18 mm. long, to 2 mm. wide or little wider, pilosulous especially toward apex or marginally; stamens about 1 mm. above the base, anthers lanceolate, about 9 mm. long, the prominent connective densely papillose, the anthers shortly; ovary as style glabrous, both 9 mm. long, the stigma lobed, 2.5 mm. broad. When C. coriacea (Miers) Dunal and C. splendens Dunal are better known one instead of two or three species may be found, in reality. F.M. Neg. 2932. San Martin: San Roque, Williams 6939. Near Juanjui, Ferreyra 4407. Huanuco: Valley of the Rio Mayro, from the Rio Palcazu, Weberbauer 6757, type. Tingo Maria, Ferreyra 959. Loreto: Middle Rio Blanco, Tessmann 3506 (det. Werdermann). Yurimaguas, Killip & Smith 28182. Near Iquitos, King 2560 (det. Standley); Killip & Smith 29863; Williams 3716. La Victoria, Williams 2564; 2917. Solatium incurvum R. & P. Fl. Peruv. 2: 34, pi. 164- (115?) 1799; 155. S. recurvum Poir. Encycl. Suppl. 3: 754. 1814. Stems glabrous, angled, nodosely articulate, to 2 meters high; leaves ovate-acuminate, rounded, acute at the little inequilateral base, the largest seen 13 cm. long, 6 cm. wide, long-petioled (petioles hirsute, 5-6 cm. long), shortly crisply pubescent on both sides, prob- ably glabrate in age, venose beneath; racemes axillary, geminate, bifid; pedicels hirsute, incurved, violet-tinged, about 1.5 cm. long, rusty viscid-pilose as the calyx and young leaves; calyx campanulate, truncate, minutely dentate, 3 mm. deep; corolla pale violet, three times longer than the calyx, or the segments 8 mm. long, acutish. Flowering stem apparently subherbaceous in type but recent collec- tions are shrubs, open in growth; my 4491, in young fruit except for two flowers, is somewhat doubtful as to true character of stamens; the inflorescences are binate, peduncles to 5 cm. long, pedicels to 3 cm. long, corolla 1 cm. long, lanate without, young berries ellipsoid, apiculate; its habit suggests Solanum and indeed it was placed by Bitter in his subgroup Bassovioides but its facies is that of S. hederi- radiculum Bitter and the berries suggest S. conicum R. & P. or one FLORA OF PERU 15 of its relatives, so I have avoided using the implied transfer of Werdermann in herb. Madrid to Cyphomandra. Huanuco: Muna, Ruiz & Pav6n, type. Playapampa, 4491? Ayacucho: Choimacota Valley, 2,800 meters, Weberbauer 7370. Cyphomandra obliqua (R. & P.) Sendt. Flora 28: 172. 1845; 393. Solanum obliquum R. & P. Fl. Peruv. 2: 35, pi. 165, fig. a. 1799. Pionandra obliqua (R. & P.) Miers in Hook. Lond. Journ. Bot. 4: 359. 1845. Stems and leaf-nerves typically minutely puberulent above and below; leaves very oblique at the cordate base, acuminate, 1.5-2 dm. long, 8-12 cm. wide; flowering pedicels 5 mm. long; calyx poculiform, 4-6 mm. long and broad, obtusely 5-denticulate (type); flowers 8 mm. long, 2 cm. across, segments lanceolate, acute, purple-violet, including the connivent anthers; berries "oblong," apparently small. Leaves strongly oblique; stigma (figure) bifid. The Schunke and Klug specimens have quite entire calyces (suggesting those of the Colombian C. naranjilla Pittier, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 13: 117. 1910); the Klug specimens have glabrous membranous leaves; cf. also C. splendens. F.M. Neg. 12993. San Martin: Tarapoto, Spruce 4229? Huanuco: Chinchao, Haci- enda San Carlo, Stork & Horton (det. Morton, with query). Loreto: Rio Mazdn, Jose Schunke 357 (det. C. crassifolia?, Standley). Near Iquitos, Klug 484- Cyphomandra pendula (R. & P.) Sendt. Flora 28: 173, pi. 7. 1845 ; 395. Solanum pendulum R. & P. Fl. Peruv. 2 : 39, pi. 1 74, fig. a. 1799. Pionandra pendula (R. & P.) Miers in Hook. Lond. Journ. Bot. 4: 359. 1845. A soft woody, single-stemmed glabrate or hirsute-pubescent and unpleasantly scented plant to 6 meters high, branched only at the summit; petioles to 2 dm. long, 1 cm. thick; leaves in type ternate, but also simple or 2-11-pinnatifid, often 5-8 dm. long, 5 dm. wide, the lowest leaflets petiolulate, the ovate-cordate segments entire, oblique at base, acuminate, densely or sparsely pubescent with sim- ple trichomes especially beneath; peduncles from the axils of the branches forking remotely and greatly elongating; pedicels about 1 cm. long; calyx-divisions rotund, sub truncate, medially apiculate; corolla 1.5-2 cm. long, rather funnelform, purplish, 4 times longer than the calyx; lobes lanceolate, acute, reflexed apically; anthers ven- tricose, erect; fruit large, yellow, at maturity as large as an egg. Werdermann leaves this in Solanum in Herb. Madrid, and the con- 16 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII nective, while broad, is scarcely thickened; it seems to me that Mar- tius' genus should be more narrowly restricted, if retained. A species of low woods. F.M. Negs. 2936; 12995. Huanuco: Puente Durand, Mexia 824-5. Huacachi, near Mufia, 4141,' Weberbauer 6720. Prov. of Panatahuarum, especially at Muna, Ruiz & Pavdn. Loreto: Paca, on the Ucayali, (Huber 1569). Cuzco: Anta, Vargas 200. "Puruma," "papaya del monte." Cyphomandra splendens Dunal in DC. Prodr. 13, pt. 1: 395. 1852. Nearly glabrous, the type with vivid brownish-purple half-climb- ing branches, the distinctly and unequally cordate-based acuminate leaves intensely green above; petioles sulcate, to about 4 cm. long; leaves geminate, nerved from base, reticulate-veined, rather fleshy, sparsely punctiform puberulent above, minutely papillose beneath, the larger 12-17 cm. long, usually about half as wide, the smaller sometimes only a third as large; racemes branched (always?), gla- brate or pulverulent, a dm. long or longer, the basally articulate pedicels 1.5 cm. long or longer; calyx purplish, apiculately 5-crenate- dentate, 4-6 mm. across; corolla 5-parted, the narrowly lanceolate- oblong acuminate segments pubescent marginally toward apex, 10- 12 mm. long; anthers 6 mm. long, connective purple, puberulent, linear-acuminate, basally dilated, gibbous; stigma obconic. Type collection from Guayaquil as noted on Ruiz and Pavon (Tafalla) specimen in Herb. Madrid; Dunal's description from sheet in Geneva (Herb. Boissier), accredited to Peru, where it may occur under the name C. coriacea (Miers) Dunal. F.M. Neg. 8561. Peru (possibly). Ecuador. Cyphomandra tenuisetosa Bitter, Repert. Sp. Nov. 17: 352. 1921. Type a small tree 2-5 meters high with ample diverse firm sub- lustrous leaves ovate-cordate and entire to deeply 3-lobed, the lateral lobes lanceolate-acuminate, the terminal rounded; pubescence in part minutely stipitate glandular but prominently on branchlets, petioles and leaves, especially above on the veins, subpatently long-setose (trichomes 2-3 mm. long) ; inflorescence axillary, 20-30-flowered, pe- duncle 5.5 cm. long; pedicels about 2 cm. long (2.5 or longer in fruit), nearly glabrous as the calyx, this broadly campanulate, 1 cm. across, the very broadly ovate lobes unequally (2 lobes broader) apiculate; corolla campanulatr -stellate, lilac-blue, about 17 mm. long with a FLORA OF PERU 17 spread of 2.3 cm., the broadly lanceolate lobes pubescent only within at the recurved tips; anthers narrowly ellipsoid, about 8 cm. long; style 9 mm. long, capitate stigma 1.5 mm. broad. The two collec- tions are alike as to flowers but one has simple leaves. The author suggests that the latter here as in other species may occur on young branches. Peruvian collections all show only entire leaves but may be referable here. F.M. Neg. 2937. San Martin: Juanjui, Klug 3873. Huanuco: San Carlos, Mexia 8209. Junin: Puerto Bermudez, Killip & Smith 26605. Loreto: Yurimaguas, Williams 4193; 4370; 4687; Killip & Smith 28005; 28703; 29093. Rio Acre: In woods at Porto Carlos, Ule 9753, type; Cobya 9752. "Pepino del campo" (Mexia). Cyphomandra Ulei Bitter, Repert. Sp. Nov. 17: 349. 1921. A shrub 2-5 meters high, with simple, broadly or rounded ovate- cordate, shortly (velvety beneath) pubescent and somewhat stipitate- glandular firm leaves, the larger to 2 dm. long, 13 cm. wide, the smaller about 1 dm. X 8 cm. ; inflorescence above the leaf axils, the indument consisting mostly of minute 2-celled glandular and egland- ular trichomes, the peduncles only about 1 cm. long; pedicels to 2.5 cm. long, a little longer in fruit; calyx cupulate, 3-4: mm. long, 5 mm. wide, the obtuse lobes early obscure; corolla stellate, about 2.5 cm. wide, the lanceolate subacute lobes about 1 cm. long, finely pubescent without, with a few longer usually simple marginal tri- chomes, glabrous within except for the pilose tips; filaments 2.5 mm. long, anthers 4.5 mm. long, papillose; style 3.5 mm. long, subpeltate stigma nearly 2 mm. wide. Leaves gradually narrowed to acute or subacute apex. Loreto: Mishuyacu near Iquitos, Klug 93. Apurimac: Pincos, in Escallonia forest, Stork & Horton 10711. Cuzco: Anta, Vargas 200 (distr. as C. pendula). Rio Acre: In woods at San Francisco, (Ule 9755, type). Cyphomandra viridiflora (R. & P.) Sendt. Flora 28: 175. 1845; 400. Solanum viridiflorum R. & P. Fl. Peruv. 2: 38, pi. 173, fig. b. 1799. Pionandra viridiflora (R. & P.) Miers in Hook. Lond. Journ. Bot. 4:359. 1845. Stems woody, branched, about 2 meters high, the branchlets and ample (the larger 1.8 dm. X 8 cm., the smaller about 1 dm. X 7 cm.) cordate-ovate simple leaves softly villous; petioles 2.5 cm. long; pe- 18 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII duncles nearly as long as the leaves, drooping; calyx pilose, 6 mm. across, half as long, the lobes acute, erect, short; corolla green, about 1 cm. long and broad, deeply parted, the ovate-lanceolate divisions reflexed, woolly-margined; style exserted, swollen at the middle; con- nective scabrous; berry about 5 cm. long and 3 cm. thick, villous, yellowish; seeds lentiform, yellow. Allied to C. pendula by Ruiz and Pavon, and to C. crassifolia by Miers; the interpretation may be incorrect. Huanuco: San Antonio de Playagrande, Ruiz & Pavdn. 5. WITHANIA Pauquy Athenaea Sendt. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 6: 133. 1846. Larnax Miers, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 2, 4: 37. 1849. More or less ligneous, sometimes flowering as herbs, the Peruvian species with fasciculate (1-several) 5-merous campanulate-funnel- form flowers, deeply lobed, the lobes reflexing. Calyx more or less inflated, minutely (Peru) dentate accrescent and closely or loosely investing the fruit. Werdermann, Diels, Bibl. Bot. 116: 130. 1937, described A. Bitteriana from central Ecuador with dark purple tubu- lar-funnelform corollas, the calyx inflated; the group therefore is prob- ably a part of Dunalia, sens. lat. The names of Pauquy (1824) and Sendtner have both been conserved against earlier ones. The calyx teeth may be incurved or the calyx may be lobed, the plants when in fruit simulating Physalis L., from which it is most readily distin- guished (arbitrarily but conveniently) by the more or less deeply lobed corolla, the lobes somewhat reflexed. Bitter found no granules in the fruits he examined. Incomplete or young specimens have been confused with Capsicum L. Corolla white; leaves glabrous W. peruviana. Corolla yellow; leaves villosulous W. subtriflora. Withania peruviana (Zahlbr.) Macbr., comb. nov. Athenaea peruviana Zahlbr. Ann. Naturh. Hofm. Wien 7: 7. 1892. Rather open in growth, the branches slender, glabrous or essen- tially except for the ciliate corolla lobes, these 5 mm. long; leaves oblong-elliptic-ovate, attenuate both ends, strongly oblique at base, often 1.5-2 dm. long, about a third as wide; berry orange, 10-14 mm. in diameter, deeply but loosely invested by the greatly enlarged 5-ribbed and plicate calyx. The lax calyx seems to suggest that FLORA OF PERU 19 Withania Pauquy at best is an expedient segregate of Physalis L. F.M. Neg. 2546. Cajamarca: Tambillo, Jelski 55; 54 (Ml #0)- San Martin: Tara- poto, Spruce 4443. Loreto: Cerro de Escaler, Ule 6803 (det. Bitter). Withania subtriflora (R. & P.) Dunal in DC. Prodr. 13: 455. 1852. Physalis subtriflora R. & P. Fl. Peruv. 2: 42, pi. 178. 1799. Larnax subtriflora (R. & P.) Miers, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 2, 4: 38. 1849. A shortly villous herb or ligneous toward base; branches, branch- lets sulcate, at least in drying; petioles 0.5-1.5 cm. long; leaves in part geminate, the larger 7-10 cm. long, to 5 cm. wide, the smaller often about half as large, all ovate, more or less obliquely subcordate or rounded at base, acuminate, subvillous both sides at least on the 6-7 primary nerves and rather prominent reticulate veins; pedicels 1-5, filiform, 3 mm. long, nutant; early calyx campanulate, 4.5 mm. across, membranous, 5-nerved, truncate between the short teeth, in age suburceolate; corolla greenish-yellow, about 6 mm. long, 10- 12 mm. across, often smaller, the ovate acutely acuminate lobes re- flexed at tip; stamens inserted at base, filaments 3 mm. long, anthers stout, subcordate, style filiform, stigma capitate; berry yellowish, 6-8 mm. in diameter, closely enclosed in the inflated but apically open calyx. F.M. Negs. 2544; 2547 (ined. name); 8566. San Martin : Tarapoto, Spruce 41 25; (5522} . Chazuta, Klug 4111. Zepelacio, Klug 3667. Lima: Obrajillo and San Buenaventura, Ruiz & Pavdn, type. Hudnuco: Tingo Maria, Allard 21846; 21870 Junin: Jauja, Weberbauer 6672. Loreto: La Victoria, Williams 2847. Pongo de Manseriche, Mexia 6340. 6. PHYSALIS L. Reference: Waterfall, Rhodora 60: 107-114, 128-142, 152-173. 1958. In Peru erect or spreading annual or perennial herbs usually low, branched and sometimes woody toward the base. Leaves entire or sinuately dentate. Peduncles solitary or rarely several on short axil- lary branchlets. Corolla rotate or applanate-campanulate (Sleumer) , (limb exceptionally 5-parted), often yellow with a dark brown or pur- ple center. Calyx in fruit accrescent and usually bladdery-inflated, membranous, always completely and laxly enclosing the berry, the teeth commonly connivent. The yellow berries are called "ground- 20 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII cherries," or, in English horticulture, Cape Gooseberries. P. cheno- podifolia Lam., Illus. 2: 28. 1793, a perennial, early white-tomentose with simple trichomes, corolla spots dark violet, anthers orange, mar- gins violet, was described from cultivated plants, seed possibly from Peru (author); found to date only in Mexico (F.M. Neg. 29394). P. Alkekengi L., Sp. PI. 183. 1753, of gardens, probably sometimes persisting as an escape, is usually unbranched and has greenish-white scarcely lobed corollas, calyx in fruit bright red, berry red, the "straw- berry tomato" in English; yellow-fruited species are familiar as ground cherries, sometimes as Cape Gooseberry, all edible, especially as pre- serves, particularly P. pubescens L., the Pear Cherry (Henry Paul Jackson). KEY TO PHYSALIS Flowers blue (ex char.) ; plants somewhat stellate pubescent, rarely in part simply or nearly glabrous P. viscosa. Flowers yellowish or yellow; indument, if present, not conspicuously stellate, trichomes mostly or all simple. Pilose perennial; corolla spots, anthers (3 mm. long) deep blue- purple P. peruviana. Puberulent, long-pilose or glabrous annuals; anthers blue, often 1.5-2.4 mm. long. Trichomes mostly or all long, rarely none; corolla spots 5, dark; calyx pubescent, angled P. pubescens. Trichomes lacking or short, few; corolla spots (typical) none; calyx not angled in fruit P. angulata. Physalis angulata L. Sp. PL 183. 1753; 162. P. Linkiana Nees, Linnaea 6: 471. 1831. P. lanceifolia Nees, I.e. 473. An essentially glabrous angular- stemmed annual several dm. to a meter high, with ovate to linear-lanceolate cuneate-based often sharply sinuate-dentate leaves and small (4-10 mm. long) cream- colored flowers not spotted but with dark centers; anthers bluish (grayish-green, Killip spec.) ; calyx subangulate, usually 2-3 cm. long, the recurving peduncle usually shorter; seeds rufescent. A weedy species of wide distribution in warm countries. Determinations by Standley. The var. lanceifolia (Nees) Waterfall, I.e. 163, is distin- guished by the oblong-lanceolate usually subentire leaves and the peduncles, 1-2 cm. long, erect in flower, elongating, recurving and FLORA OF PERU 21 incurving or reflexed in fruit, the fruiting calyx 2-2.5 cm. long; corolla usually only 4-5 mm. long, calyx in flower 4 mm. long, anthers often only 1-1.5 mm. long. An infusion of the entire plant (except root) is taken by the natives to cure malaria (Ferreyra). Piura: Cana Dulce, Haught 88. Alto de La Cruz, Stork & Horton 11353. Prov. Paita, Horton 11594- La Libertad: Salaverry, Worth 8892. San Martin: Jepelacio, Klug 3439. San Roque, Williams 7060. Tarapoto, Williams 6220. Juanjui, Ferreyra 4537. Lima: Magdalena, Nee. Chancay, Ruiz & Pavon; Wilkes Exped. Hua- nuco: Tingo Maria, Stork & Horton 9470; Allard 21139; 22050 (det. L. Smith). Junin: La Merced, 5361. Loreto: Mishuyacu, Klug 1241? (det. Killip, P. Lagascae R. & S.). Yurimaguas, Ferreyra 4918 (det. Cowan) ; Killip & Smith 28218. Caballo-cocha, Williams 2218; 2284. Pucallpa, Soukup 3032. Iquitos, Killip & Smith 27247. Rio Nanay, Williams 336. La Victoria, Williams 2637,Ayacucho: Prov. Huanta, Weberbauer 5637; Killip & Smith 23085. Cuzco: Rio Yanamayo, Pennell 14080. Quellouno, Vargas 7556. "Bolsa mullaca" (Williams). "Cahuli Cimarron," i.e. False Capuli. Mexico. Physalis peruviana L. Sp. PI. ed. 2. 1670. 1763; 141. P. edulis Sims, Bot. Mag. pi. 1068. 1807. A tall erect often densely pilose unpleasantly scented perennial from a creeping rootstock, the trichomes eglandular, simple; leaves broadly ovate-cordate or subrotund, acuminate, 5-10 cm. long, nearly as wide; corolla yellowish, dark blue-purple spotted at base, about 12 mm. long, 1.5 wide at top; filaments slender; anthers purple or purplish-red; calyx villous, teeth acuminate, subequaling the tube, about 7 mm. long, soon accrescent, finally to 4 cm. long in fruit. Frequently cultivated in warm countries for its sweet yellow berries and so in Peru in 1725, according to Feuille'e, where "greatly es- teemed as a preserve." Herrera states that an infusion of the flowers is used during childbirth. C. V. Morton, U. S. National Museum, thoughtfully sent me (with many selected specimens) a photostatic copy of notes on the Cape Gooseberry (Year Book 1922, Madras Agric. Dept. 1923), an interesting account of the usefulness of the plant for its fruits; filed with it is a report on the chemistry by J. B. Lai (Proc. Ind. Nat. Acad. Sci. 6 (4) : 309-313. 1936), and a copy of M. Bossin's notes on P. edulis Sims and other species (Bull. Mens. Soc. d'Acclim. se"r. 3, 2: 64-74. 1875). Bossin regarded P. peruviana L. as a different species. Finally, there is a file of correspondence 22 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII regarding this last question, highly amusing as an example of diplo- matic "passing the buck," no specialist of the time accepting the responsibility of declaring surely the status of the two names; I fol- low suit. Piura: Chicama, Haught 189. Cana Dulce, Haught 178. Caja- marca: Monte Seco, Soukup 3888. Lima: Prov. Huarochiri, Good- speed 33117 (det. Killip); Isern 2461. Huanuco: San Rafael, Fer- reyra 1974- Divisoria, Chanchamayo Valley, Schunke 484- Junin: Tarma, 1041; Killip & Smith 21902. Huancayo, at 3317 meters, Soukup 2733 (det. Standley). Apurimac: Prov. Abancay, Good- speed Exped. 10571 (det. Standley); Balls 6837Cuzco: Toward Machupicchu, Hen era 3281; West 8023 (det. Johnston) ; Soukup 126. Pillahuata, Pennell 13952. Prov. Anta, Vargas 148 (det. Standley). Paucartambo, Herrera 3802 (det. Killip). "Capuli," "tomate syl- vestre," "aguaymanto" (Vargas). Physalis pubescens L. Sp. PI. 183. 1753; 164. P. pubescens L., var. hygrophila (Mart.) Dunal in DC. Prodr. 13: 446. 1852. P. hy- grophila Mart. Flora 24, Beibl. 2: 86. 1841? P. turbinata Medic. Act. Acad. Theod. Palat. 4: 189. 1780, fide Waterfall. A slender generally diffuse more or less viscid-pubescent or, in var. hygrophila, hirsutulous annual with ovate slightly cordate leaves, subentire at least below; peduncles 3-5 (12) mm. long, to 2 cm. long in fruit; calyx teeth lanceolate, equaling the tube, the fruiting calyx 2-3 (4) cm. long, 5-angled, somewhat retuse at base; corolla yellow with prominent ribs or spots, 6-10 mm. long; anthers 1.5-2.4 mm. long, usually violet. The var. glabra (Michx.) Waterfall, I.e. 165, is at most only puberulent. The yellow bittersweet berries, as those of P. peruviana, are used for preserves and are said to be sweeter; cultivated, according to Ruiz and Pavon, for the acid-sweet fruit and also for the flowers, which, with a little amber, form a perfume; Eyerdam found the fragrance of the fruits suggestive of ripe pears. Piura: Cana Dulce water-course, Haught 178. Negritos, Haught 267. Prov. Piura, Weberbauer 5940; 5941. San Martin: Tarapoto, Williams 6047 (det. Standley). Jepelacio, Klug 3439 (glabrate, det. Standley, P. angulata}. Boqueron Pass, Allard 21707 (det. Lyman Smith). Huanuco: Divisoria, Allard 21235. Loreto: Mishuyacu near Iquitos, Klug 322 (det. Standley). Clearing, Pongo de Man- seriche, Mexia 6299 (det. Morton, P. hygrophila). Cuzco: Echarate, Goodspeed Exped. 10483 (det. Standley). Idma, Vargas 8528. "Muy- FLORA OF PERU 23 aca" (Mexia); "bolsa mullaca" (Klug; Williams); "capuli" (Ruiz & Pavon). Physalis viscosa L. Sp. PI. 183. 1753; 133. Cacabus parviflorus Rusby, Mem. Torr. Bot. Club 4: 233. 1895, fide Rydberg. Well-marked by the dense (typically) stellate pubescence; a per- ennial with subcordate leaves and rather large (funnelform, 1-2 cm. long) spotted or clear greenish-yellow flowers; calyx in flower 3- 10 mm. long, in fruit 2-5 cm. long; peduncles 1-4 cm. long, lobes unequal, ovate; anthers yellow, about 3 mm. long; berries orange or yellow. A coastal species as subsp. maritima (M. H. Curtis) Water- fall, including several variants in degree (to absence), I.e. 134, and quality of pubescence. Peru: (Ruiz & Pavdn). South America to the southern United States. 7. CACABUS Bernh. Thinogeton Benth. Bot. Voy. Sulph. 142. 1844. Streplostigma Regel, Gartenfl. 322, pi 68. 1853. Diffuse, or often prostrate and trailing, pilose or viscid herbs with solitary campanulate or broadly funnelform flowers and shortly toothed calyces, enlarged in fruit. Filaments of three lengths and attached at various levels; stigma lanceolate. Leaves usually long- petioled, subentire to deeply sinuate-dentate. Distinguished from Physalis L. particularly by the habit and the often larger flowers, apparently usually glabrous within at the base (cf . Bitter, Repert. Sp. Nov. 17: 245. 1921); Sleumer describes the corolla of the former as rotate or applanate-campanulate, that of Cacabus as tubular- campanulate or broadly infundibuliform. Seems to be an expedient or academic segregate; however, as observed by Waterfall in his careful review of the North American species of Physalis L., generic definition awaits properly the considered judgment of an informed student. Flowers yellow; some leaves subrotund, subcordate, subentire. C. flavus. Flowers white, purple-tinged; leaves various, rarely ever as above in all respects. Flowers to 1.5 cm. long; fruiting calyx 4 mm. long, the berry partly exserted C. pusillus. 24 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII Flowers 2-5 cm. long; fruiting calyx 1-2 cm. long, including the berry C. prostratus. Cacabus flavus Johnst. Contr. Gray Herb. 85: 177. 1929. A prostrate sparsely villous glandular annual; leaves cordate, 3-6 cm. long, subentire; petioles 3-9 cm. long; pedicels axillary, 1-2 cm. long; calyx 9-11 mm. long, the lobes 4-5 mm. long, mem- branous, tightly investing and finally ruptured by the fruit; corolla yellow, 2-4 cm. long. Apparently the only yellow-flowered species, at least in this character suggesting Physalis L. but probably allied to C. integrifolius Phil, according to the author; the flowers are very much larger; the data of specimens of Velarde Nunez and Hrdlicka do not include color of flower, but from locality (at least of former) presumably it was yellow; otherwise both are probably C. prostratus, sens. lat. Arequipa: Tiabaya, Pennell 13066, type. Moquehua: Moquehua, Weberbauer 7459. Lomas de Pongo, Nunez 1480? Valley of Rio de Las Trancas, Hrdlicka. Cacabus prostratus (Dombey) Bernh. Linnaea 13: 360. 1839. Physalis prostrata Dombey ex L'HeY. Stirp. Nov. 43, pi. 22. 1784. P. limensis Retz. Obs. 5: 22. 1791, fide Nees. Physaloides prostrata (Dombey) Moench. Meth. Suppl. 178. 1802. Thinogeton maritima Benth. Bot. Voy. Sulph. 142. 1844. C. maritimus (Benth.) Benth. Hook. Gen. PI. 2: 897. 1876. Dictyocalyx Miersii Hook. f. Trans. Linn. Soc. 20: 203. 1847, fide Svenson. T. Lobbianum Miers, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 2, 4: 360. 1849. C. nolanoides Miers, I.e. 255, and 111. S. Am. PL 2: 51. 1849-1857. C. multiflorus Damm. Repert. Sp. Nov. 15: 366. 1919, fide Svenson. A grayish clammy-viscid soon trailing herb, the flexuose striate stems more or less foliose with unevenly sinuate-angulate or dentate- lobulate to subentire long-petioled leaves, often rather ovate and acute to attenuate at base, a few to 10 cm. long and not rarely nearly as wide or the upper lanceolate-oblong; peduncles solitary or gemi- nate, a few mm. to 2 cm. long or longer in fruit, when curved or re- flexed and the calyx then accrescent, more or less 5-10 costate-angled ; corolla somewhat pilose, 2-5 cm. long, purple or usually white at top where about 2.5 cm. wide; berry about 1 cm. in diameter, closely in- vested by the firm to thin-papyraceous calyx. Svenson, Amer. Journ. Bot. 33: 481-482. 1946, concluded, apparently correctly, that probably only a single species of this genus is native to the South FLORA OF PERU 25 American coast and recorded the following important observations: Bentham and Hooker reduced Miers' six species to C. prostratus and C. maritimus, the fruiting calyx of the former obscurely 5-angled, that of the latter 10-angled with 5 of the angles a little more prom- inent, but from Bernhardi's description of C. prostratus this differ- ence does not appear to be very much; C. multiflorus Damm. as to type has several flowers on foliose-bracted axillary branchlets and may be distinct or at least a local variation. The elongate inflores- cences described by Dammer are identical on well-developed Galapa- gos specimens; Riley, Kew Bull. 227. 1925, found no glands in the pubescence and that seems to be the case in all specimens, quartz grains adhering to the viscid jointed trichomes simulating glands. Calyx increases as capsule expands; this early is clearly 2-celled but at maturity has at base a stiped ligneous 4-celled structure with in- curving walls, to which are attached the innermost seeds; the ripe capsule has ten slightly elevated ribs, becomes soft, dark green to black, a little elongate, the pale brown seeds buried in a dark viscid substance. Svenson further describes the plant as starting to flower when very small, the flowers solitary or in pairs in the axils of the succulent leaves but as the prostrate stem elongates (even to 2 me- ters fide Haught) the inflorescence becomes many-flowered in a panic- ulate manner, the petunia-like flowers white with a dull purplish center, purple striate in throat and purplish-tinged at apex. Weber- bauer found the plant used for fodder. Common on sandy or stony coastal hills. Unfortunately the type collection of C. nolanoides (Mathews 839, Kew) is without data. Illustrated, Svenson, 404, pi. 4, fig- 2; Miers, 111. S. Amer. PI. pi. 49 (Cacabus nolanoides). Tumbez: Zorritos to Cancas, Weberbauer 7750 (det. Johnston, C. maritimus). Puerto Pizarro, Ferreyra 5970. Piura: Pima to Nomala, Weberbauer 5931 (type, C. multiflorus}; Sandeman 4251; Ferreyra 5884; 6008. Talara, Haught 16; Beetle 26200; Johnston 3501; Horton 11595; Stork & Horton 11634. La Libertad: Salaverry, Johnston 3519 (det. Johnston, C. maritimus). Ancash: Lomas de Monzon, Goodspeed Exped. 9176. Lima: Chosica, Weberbauer 5336; Grant 7397. San Geronimo, 5899. Mt. San Augustin, Weberbauer 5227; 5248. Near Lima, (Cuming 972) . Lomas de Lachay, Ferreyra 3889. Quive, Pennell 14292. Chancay, Chorillos, (Maclean). Chan- cay, Huara, Ruiz & Pavon; Dombey, type; Beetle 9105. Puente de Verrugas to Surco, Weberbauer 5216. Santa Clara, Weberbauer 1671 (det. Bitter); Rose 18623. Santa Eulalia Valley, Goodspeed & Stork 11480. lea: Prov. Chincha, Weberbauer 5376; (Maclean). Huan- 26 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII cavelica: Pampano to Huaytara, Weberbauer 5402. Galapagos; Ecua- dor. "Campanillas olorosas," "suruvia," "suravilla." Cacabus pusillus Bitter, Repert. Sp. Nov. 17: 243. 1921. Annual herb a few cm. tall, simple or a little branched at base, green but pubescent all over including the corollas with simple many- celled unequal gland-tipped trichomes; petioles to 2.5 cm. long, alate toward blade, this linear to lanceolate or ovate, finally 1-3 (5) cm. long, about a third to as wide, both ends narrowed, obtuse or sub- acute; pedicels axillary, solitary or binate, 4-5 mm. long, in fruit 5-6 mm. long, arcuate, incrassate; calyx 3.5-4 mm. long, 2 mm. broad, acuminate lobes 2.5-3 mm. long, in fruit subglobose, 4 mm. across; corolla white, lilac, or white and lilac (Weberbauer), tubular- campanulate, 1.5 cm. long, near apex 4-5 cm. across, the short plicate lobes acuminate; free part of filaments 5-6 mm. long, pubescent; style 8.5 mm. long, stigmas capitate; berry very obvious between the calyx lobes, 3 mm. thick, greenish-yellow, granules none, the seeds only about 9, obliquely reniform, reticulate. Leaves membranous but fleshy in life; unique in the exposed fruit. F.M. Negs. 2528; 2529 (C. Woitschachii in herb.). Arequipa: Tingo, Pennell 13126. Arequipa, Pennell 13045 (det. Johnston); 13178. Yura, Weberbauer 6842, type; Guenther 12242. Slopes of Misti, Sandeman 3823 (det. Johnston). Tia Baya, Cocker- ell. Tacna: Candarave, Weberbauer 7388 (det. Johnston). Near Tacna, Woitschach. 8. SARACHA R. & P. Bellinia Roem. & Schult. Syst. 4: 687. 1819. Kukolis and Utti- cona Raf. Sylva Tellur. 55. 1838. Hebecladus Miers in Hook. Lond. Journ. Bot. 4: 321. 1845. References: Dunal in DC. Prodr. 13, pt. 1: 429-433, 682-685; Hebecladus, 468^71. 1852; Bitter, Repert. Sp. Nov. 17: 338-346. 1921; 18: 99-112. 1922; 19: 265-270. 1924. Perennial herbs usually or finally more or less ligneous. Peduncles axillary or lateral, commonly solitary, sometimes reduced or obsolete, the pedicels 1-several, 1-flowered, often subumbellate. Calyx not obviously to more or less accrescent, little or not to widely spreading. Corolla tubular, sometimes shortly tubular- to rotate-campanulate, sometimes broadly and deeply, ordinarily more or less flaring at apex, often dentate between the variously developed lobes. Filaments glabrous or slightly to densely pubescent, anthers suboblong, emar- FLORA OF PERU 27 ginate to cordate, frequently, as style, exserted, this with clavate or capitate stigma. Seeds compressed-reniform, foveolate-reticulate. P. Isidro Saracha was a Benedictine botanist who gave rare plants to the botanic garden in Madrid. As pointed out by Morton in his useful paper "Notes on the Genus Saracha," Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 51: 75-77. 1938, Poecilo- chroma punctata (R. & P.) Miers is the type of Ruiz and Pavon's genus and was so accepted, too, by Miers, 111. S. Amer. PI. App. 57. 1857. Miers himself, I.e. 148-149, retracted his own action. Never- theless the "proper" name for Miers' genus is Saracha unless the cognomen of Ruiz and Pavon is conserved. Otherwise Bellinia Roem. & Schult. may be the correct name for the following plants or at least for those not segregated (as Hebecladus). But as Morton noted the matter is not of moment, only a few names being concerned. These are here used as available in order to avoid expression of my opinion, certain to be futile (see Wash. Acad. Sci. 19: 247. 1929). Bitter, Repert. Sp. Nov. 17-20. 1924, divided the group into four sections, excluding Hebecladus Miers but indicating, as Morton, the transition to the latter; Morton, I.e. 76, found that the value of one of the chief distinctions of his sections, namely the presence or ab- sence of minute sclerotic grains among the seeds of the berries, is highly doubtful (as also in Solanum) ; another section rested on gla- brous filaments and annular ring; this surely, as Morton remarks, is only doubtfully a good species character; only Macrosaracha Bitter, characterized by its much larger campanulate rather than rotate corollas, intermediate to Poecilochroma and Hebecladus, is well-dis- tinguished (Morton); the corolla, especially in these groups, has 5 glands at base within, conspicuous from their copious red or scarlet exudation, visible as swollen filament bases when dry; however, these occur, in some degree, in otherwise dissimilar species. The size of flowers recorded from specimens may be misleading, partly of course from contraction but also because the corolla often enlarges considerably after early anthesis; Bitter, too, seems to have had a tendency to over-state measurements. The group needs revi- sion by a student who can study living plants; characters in key are often expedient. KEY TO SARACHA (including HEBECLADUS) Flowers usually 2-several, pedicellate in axils or subumbellate on obsolete or more or less apparent peduncles; corolla shorter than 2 cm. if pedicels only 2-3, or long-tubular. 28 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII Filaments glabrous or essentially (sometimes granular or with a few trichomes, as S. sordideviolacea) ; plants glabrate. Corolla tubular, the small lobes erect or suberect. Corolla about 1-1.5 cm. long, pedicels several. .H. umbellatus. Corolla 2-3 cm. long, pedicels (1) 2 or 3. H. intermedius, H. bicolor. Corolla rotate-campanulate or rarely ventricose-campanulate. Leaves broadly ovate or subrotund, to 4 cm. long or a little longer; peduncles obsolete or short; corolla red, yellowish or white, not lanate; plants shrubby, at least in age. Corolla tube 8-10 mm. long, lobes to 5 mm. long; shrub. H. umbellatus. Corolla tube as lobes obscure; subherbaceous perennials or corolla yellowish (cf. also S. alata). Corolla purplish-reddish; stems slender. S. lobata, S. sordideviolacea. Corolla yellowish or white; lower branches stout, ligneous. S. dentata. Leaves mostly or all much longer than wide, several cm. long; peduncles soon elongate; corolla yellowish or lanate; per- ennial herbs (cf. H. ventricosus, S. biflora). Corolla lanate; peduncles often 1-bracteate S. diffusa. Corolla glabrate; peduncles not bracted. . . .S. procumbens. Filaments pubescent; plants more or less puberulent or villous (cf. the glabrous S. alata). Corolla tubular, 2.5 cm. long or longer. H. Weberbaueri Damm. 1906. Corolla rotate-campanulate. Indument a puberulence; corolla scarcely 1 cm. long, usually shorter; peduncles shorter than pedicels or none; shrubby, branched (synonyms, H. Weberbaueri, S. Bitteri). S. dentata. Indument uneven or more defined than puberulence, some- times sparse, sometimes more or less villous; corolla usually at least 1 cm. long; peduncles often as long or longer than the (1) 2-several pedicels. Corolla yellowish to white (or bluish at base) . FLORA OF PERU 29 Pedicels (1) 2-3 on forked peduncles; berry often solitary, yellowish or white; stems terete. H. ventricosus, S. biflora. Pedicels umbellate, usually several; mature berry dark or black. Indument eglandular, soon sparse; stems herbaceous. S. contorta. Indument usually viscid or glandular villous, early dense; stems angled, frutescent (S. sinuosa Bit- ter not Miers) S. villosa. Corolla purple or blue; indument in part glandular. S. propinqua. Flowers solitary, rarely 2 on a peduncle, campanulate, not rotate, never long-tubular, 2 cm. long, often longer, probably always in full anthesis, scarlet annular glands and secretion conspicuous (species-characters intangible). Corolla finally 2.5 cm. long, 3-4 cm. wide, little flared apically, lobes apiculate; filaments pubescent at or toward base. Branches, leaves soon glabrate or glabrous S. Weberbaueri. Branches, leaves more or less pubescent. Filaments glabrous unless adnate part S. Urbaniana. Filaments hirsute below H. asperus. Corolla about 2 cm. long, 3 cm. wide or smaller, lobes acutely acu- minate, flared apically especially if shortly acuminate; fila- ments glabrous or nearly; plants more or less puberulent. Flowers usually solitary; trichomes at least mostly simple. S. ciliata. Flowers often 2; trichomes at least mostly furcate. .S. Herrerae. Saracha alata Dunal in DC. Prodr. 13, pt. 1: 431. 1852. Sulcate pale green branches 4-5 mm. thick, marked with sessile globose and linear white glands and membranous subalate angles scarcely 2 mm. wide; leaves subsessile, geminate, ovate, cuneate to decurrent base, obtusely subcuspidate, the larger 1-1.5 dm. long, about half as wide, the smaller less than half as large, undulate- subrepand, the 5-6 nerves prominent beneath and minutely white- glandular; peduncles reflexing, 12-18 mm. long; pedicels 10-12, um- bellate, filiform, to 1.5 cm. long; calyx subrotate, 1 cm. across, the segments broadly ovate, vix 4 mm. long; corolla rotate-campanulate, 30 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII 1 cm. long, 12-15 mm. wide, lobes ovate, acute, 6-7 mm. long; sta- mens in corolla tube, the cylindric filaments 3-4 mm. long, slightly pilose at base, anthers ovate, subacute, 1.5 mm. long; ovary sub- globose. Ex char, perhaps the earliest name for S. lobata Bitter or (and) S. sordideviolacea Bitter but glabrous except for the sessile glandulosity. F.M. Neg. 29719. Peru(?) : Ruiz & Pavon, type in Herb. Boissier (Geneva) as S. fili- forma Pavon, according to Dunal. Hebecladus asperus (R. & P.) Miers, Hook. Lond. Journ. Bot. 4: 322. 1845. Atropa aspera R. & P. Fl. Peruv. 2: 45. 1799. Ulticona aspera (R. & P.) Raf. Sylva Tellur. 55. 1838. A harshly hirsute dichotomously branched erect purplish herb, the type to 6 dm. high; leaves petioled, geminate, ovate or oblong-lanceo- late, entire or repand; flowers yellow-blue, nodding and solitary, sub- axillary; corolla campanulate, sub-10-parted, 5 acute lobes alternating with 5 emarginate ones, all spreading, the throat and hirsute fila- ments violet; berry white, seeds pubescent. Ex char, this seems to be related to S. ciliata Miers, etc., and may be found to be the earliest name for one or more of these seemingly dubious species. Lima: In the Amancaes Hills near Lima, Ruiz & Pavdn, type. Hebecladus bicolor (R. & P.) Miers in Hook. Lond. Journ. Bot. 4: 322. 1845; 470. Atropa bicolor R. & P. Fl. Peruv. 2: 45. 1799. Kukolis bicolor (R. & P.) Raf. Sylva Tellur. 55. 1838. Atropa biflora R. & P. I.e. 44. pi 181b. UUicona biflora (R. & P.) Raf. I.e. H. bi- florus (R. & P.) Miers, I.e. A lightly pubescent or sometimes glabrate shrub; flowers 1-4, axillary and lateral, the more or less nutant hirtellous peduncles mostly about 2 cm. long; branchlets somewhat angled; petioles 5- 15 mm. long; leaves early geminate, unequal, ovate, now and then angulate or subdentate, acute, the lower 5 cm. long, 2.5-3 cm. wide or larger, soon glabrous, pale and often granulate beneath; calyx weakly 5-angled, the acute lobes little or not spreading, 3-5 mm. long; corolla tubular, striate, pilosulous, slightly constricted below the often reddish or purple-tinged limb, the tube usually yellowish- green, finally at least 2 (-3) cm. long; filaments exserted, thus the bluish ovate-sagittate anthers conspicuous; stigma bilobed; berry white (apparently rarely blue), depressed-globose, subtended by the spreading calyx; seeds lutescent. The tubular corolla distinctly elongates after early anthesis; in foliage the species simulates S. bi- FLORA OF PERU 31 flora R. & P. but is glabrate; type of H. bicolor (R. & P.) Miers not found but ex char, there is only a single species distinguishable here. F.M. Neg. 2530 (H. biflorus). Ancash: Chiquian, Ferreyra 7427. Samanco, (Weberbauer 171). Lima: Prov. Huarochiri, Surco and Matucana, (Ruiz & Pav6n, type, H. bicolor); Hrdlicka; Weberbauer 194 (det. Werdermann) . Surco, Raimondi (det. Werdermann). Rio Blanco, Killip & Smith 21558; 21751. Canta, Pennell 14242. San Mateo, Isern 2295; 2545; Ferreyra 5315. Toward Casapalca, 3,500 meters, Ferreyra 5407; 6991. Viso, 571. Huanuco: Tingo Maria, Ferreyra 1576 (?, flowers white, fruit blue). Junin: Tarma to Huasahuasi, Ruiz & Pavdn, (type, H. biflora). Huancavelica: Cordova, Metcalf 30270, fruit green (det. Morton). Ecuador? "Suplac" (Ferreyra). Saracha biflora R. & P. Fl. Peruv. 2: 42, pi. 179. 1799; 431. Bellinia biflora (R. & P.) Roem. & Schult. Syst. 4: 689. 1819. With- eringia biflora (R. & P.) Miers, 111. S. Amer. PL 2: App. 56. 1857. Stems sparsely pubescent above, herbaceous, angled; leaves ovate, about 10 cm. long, 6-7 cm. wide, undulately margined, rounded at base but subdecurrent into the narrow petiole, the upper geminate; peduncles axillary, solitary, recurving, 1.5-2 cm. long, 2- or rarely 3-flowered; pedicels 5-7 mm. long; calyx campanulate, about 1 cm. long, the ovate acute lobes half as long; corolla yellowish-green, cam- panulate, spreading, to 1.5 cm. wide, the lobes acute, stamens some- times twice as long as the corolla; berry white, somewhat flattened. Inflorescences, including corolla, shortly pilose. Corolla in type little exceeding calyx, perhaps young; sepals acute, 10 mm. long, petals acute, 12-13 mm. long, pubescent. Fruiting calyx lobes rotund- ovate, 7 mm. long and broad, the berry deeply included. Small yellowish fruits eaten by children (Ruiz and Pavon) ; fila- ments glabrous or granulate; corolla white or partly violet (violet, according to Weberbauer, 7602). Probably should not include the Cuzco and Puno plants with deeply campanulate corollas, reflexed lobes, suggesting those of H . ventricosus Baker. Huanuco: Cani, 3443 (det. Morton). Junin: Carpapata, Kil- lip & Smith 24396 (det. Morton) . Huasahuasi, Ruiz & Pavdn, type. Huancavelica: Mantaro Valley, Weberbauer 7602 (det. Morton). North of Salcabamba, 3,500 meters, Stork & Horton 10317? Apuri- mac : Oropeza Valley, Vargas 9798 (det. Standley, S. lobata) . Cuzco : Anta, Vargas 201. Marcapata, Weberbauer 7789. Puno: Acko- pampa, Vargas 6978. Near Limbani, Vargas 9654- "Tomatillo cimaron." 32 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII Saracha ciliata Miers, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 2, 3: 446. 1849. S. lacrima-virginis Bitter, Repert. Sp. Nov. 17: 341. 1921; I.e. 339. Witheringia ciliata Miers, 111. S. Amer. PL 2: App. 56. 1857. Suffruticose below, the upper branches angulate, decurrent-lined, glabrate or sparsely pubescent including the corolla with many-celled single trichomes; leaves ovate-oblong, cuneate decurrent into petiole (this 0.5-4 cm. long), acutely or not obtusely acuminate, to about 8 cm. long, 4-5 cm. wide, mostly smaller, membranous, green, entire or repand; flowers solitary in axils, peduncles 6-11 mm. long; pedi- cels 5-7 mm. long, deflexed and 1-1.5 cm. long in fruit; calyx basally connate, 6-8 mm. long, diameter about 2-2.5 cm., lobes ovate acu- minate, 8 mm. long (10-11 mm. long in fruit), minutely stipitate- glandular within at base; corolla rotate-campanulate, 2-2.5 cm. long, 3-3.5 cm. across (see note below), with 5 acuminate subcucullate pubescent lobes 2-3 mm. long; filaments (4) 6-8 mm. long, glabrous as ovary and style, the latter 7-8 mm. long, stigma capitate; berry white, subglobose, about 12 mm. thick. After Bitter, who found a single sclerotic granule in the berry examined; he noted the corollas of Weberbauer specimens as 1.5 cm. long, 2.5-2.8 cm. across, green- ish; S. lacrima-virginis differs ex char, in calyx lobes 6 mm. long, corolla white, 1.7-2 cm. long, 2 cm. across, glabrous within except lobes at tips, filaments pubescent on adnate portion, calyx lobes 6- 7 mm. long in fruit, berry with 2 subapical granules; these differences are probably individual rather than genetic. As in the similar S. Ur- baniana and S. Weberbaueri there are 5 blood-red (or violet) glands at base of filaments; from this character originated the fanciful native name; the glands are present in a number of unrelated species. Lima: San Geronimo, 5912. Mongomarca, Weberbauer 5235. Prov. Huarochiri, Goodspeed & Metcalf 30248. Amancaes Hills, Soukup 3124; Weberbauer 5246a. Lima Valley, (Mathews 834, type). Huanuco: Tambo de Vaca, 4469? Arequipa: Posco, (Gunther & Buchtien, as S. lacrima-virginis ace. to Bruns) ; 1587 (type, S. lacrima- virginis}. "Lacrima de la virgin." Saracha contorta R. & P. Fl. Peruv. 2: 43, pi 180a. 1799; 430. Atropa contorta (R. & P.) Spreng. Syst. 1: 699. 1815. Bellinia con- torta (R. & P.) Roem. & Schult. Syst. 4: 689. 1819. Witheringia contorta (R. & P.) Miers, 111. S. Amer. PI. 2: App. 56. 1857. A. um- bellata Roth, Cat. 2: 26. 1800. Saracha umbellata (Roth) DC. Cat. Monsp. 142. 1813 (G. Don, Gen. Syst. 4: 451. 1838). A. Rothii Poir. Encycl. Suppl. 1: 610. 1810. Bellinia umbellata (Roth) Roem. & FLORA OF PERU 33 Schult. Syst. 4: 688. 1818. Witheringia umbellata (Roth) Miers, 111. S. Amer. PL 2: App. 56. 1857. An annual with entire but often angular-dentate leaves, the larger to 8 cm. long, minutely or scarcely pubescent on both sides, decurrent into a petiole one third as long, and with umbellate pale yellow rotate- campanulate flowers 12 mm. wide; peduncles declined, 6-10-flowered, somewhat contorted as also the pedicels; filaments villous at base; berry black. Morton, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 51: 76, 77. 1938, sug- gested that S. umbellata is referable to A. procumbens (Cav.) R. & P. (and probably S. contorta R. & P.), which may be correct if the de- velopment of pubescence on filaments is not a continuing (genetic) character; I suspect that at least in the case of these similar plants it is not, since apparently S. contorta has not been recognized in the much-collected area of its type, this described as a procumbent fibrous rooted annual; herbaceous stem bright violet below. Leaves useful as a poultice and to relieve pain (Ruiz and Pavon) . F.M. Neg. 2549. Lima: Rough places, Canta to Obrajillo, Ruiz, type. Saracha dentata R. & P. Fl. Peruv. 2: 43, pi 179b. 1799; 432. Atropa dentata (R. & P.) Spreng. Syst. 1: 699. 1815. Bellinia den- tata (R. & P.) Roem. & Schult. Syst. 4: 689. 1819. Witheringia dentata (R. & P.) Miers, 111. S. Amer. PI. 2: App. 56. 1857. Hebe- cladus propinqua (Miers) Bitter, var. parviflorus Bitter, Repert. Sp. Nov. 17: 250. 1921. H. Weberbaueri Bitter, I.e. 20: 372. 1924, not Damm. Bot. Jahrb. 37: 638. 1906, nor S. Weberbaueri Damm. I.e. S. Bitteri Macbr. Field Mus. Herb., apparently ined. A shortly pubescent or puberulent more or less diffuse perennial finally more or less ligneous, the many stems or branches from a thick base, the lower 5 mm. thick or stouter; lower petioles 1.5 cm. long or longer, the upper only a few mm. long; leaves unequal, the lowest ovate, several cm. long, the upper geminate, the larger of each pair about 1.5 cm. long, half as wide, the upper reduced, ovate-oblong- lanceolate, all entire or undulate denticulate, broadest toward acute base, somewhat attenuate to tip, usually densely puberulent as the 1-4 (or several) -flowered umbels, including the calyces; peduncles 2-6 mm. long, pedicels 3-5 mm. long (in fruit 6-10 mm. long) ; calyx rotate, 6-8 mm. long, 5-6 mm. across, in fruit twice as wide, the lobes acute to acuminate; corolla white, violet-veined or -tinted, green- dotted below, rotate-campanulate, 6-10 mm. long and broad, the short acute lobes pubescent as (in type) the filaments below, these 4-4.5 mm. long; anthers subcordate; berry copper-colored (always?), 34 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII about 7 mm. in diameter. Specimens from southern Peru may be noted as var. diversa Macbr., var. nov., corolla circa 5 mm. longa; filamentis glabris vel minute sparseque puberulis. The development of pubescence on filaments has been used (as in the key) for conven- ience but it is doubtful that it is always, especially in itself, a true indication of specific values. F.M. Negs. 2550; 2532 (H. Weberbaueri). Leaves (combined with lard) used as a poultice for tumors (Ruiz and Pavon). La Libertad: Angas-marca, Weberbauer 7197 (type, H. Weber- baueri). Ancash: Lomas de Mongon, Goodsp. Exped. 9183. Lima: Obrajillo, near Canta, Ruiz & Pawn, type. Matucana, Weberbauer 5275 (distr. as H. umbellatus). Viso, Weberbauer 109 (type, var. parviflorus). Near Matucana, Ferreyra 5^.22 (det. Cowan, H. um- bellatus). Ayacucho: Ocros, Stork & Horton 10799. Prov. Lucanas, Metcalf 30317. Puquio, Ferreyra, 7181. Apurimac: Andahuaylas, Stork & Horton 10716. Cuzco: Huanoquite, Vargas 2272. Are- quipa: Lower slopes of Misti, Sandeman 3808. Between 3,600 and 3,700 meters, Weberbauer 6853 (type, var. diversa). Saracha diffusa Miers, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 2, 3: 447. 1849; 683. Witheringia diffusa Miers, 111. S. Amer. PI. 2: App. 56. 1857. Nearly glabrous, dichotomously branched, described as herba- ceous; petioles slender, 12 mm. long; leaves ovate-elliptic, subob- tusely acuminate, narrowed to base, about 7 cm. long, 4 cm. wide, sinuose-serrate and erose-ciliate, obscurely glandular-puberulent both sides on the reticulate veins; umbels 4-12-flowered, peduncle slender, 2-6 cm. long; pedicels filiform, glabrous, 1 cm. long or longer; calyx rotate-angulate, 5-dentate; corolla rotate-angulate, 16 mm. wide, lanate without and long-ciliate; filaments glabrous, about half as long as corolla. May be, as Morton indicated, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 51: 76. 1938, a part of S. procumbens (Cav.) R. & P. F.M. Neg. 33016. Lima: Hill of Puruchuco, Mathews 775. Saracha Herrerae Morton, Rev. Univ. Cuzco 33 (87) : 96. 1944. Branched from base, the stems to 6 dm. long, the ascending branches often simple, pubescent toward apex with branched tri- chomes, these found also (with simple trichomes) on the leaves be- neath and the denticulate margins, and short (1 cm. long) peduncles, calyx and corolla veins without, the indument (type) otherwise sim- FLORA OF PERU 35 pie; leaves ovate, to 7 cm. long, 5.5 cm. wide, broadly or sometimes narrowly cuneate to base, decurrent into petioles 2-2.5 cm. long, sparsely strigose above, the trichomes few-celled; inflorescence axil- lary, 2-flowered, pedicels shorter than peduncles, incrassate apically; calyx green, about 2 cm. across, 5-parted, the long-triangular lobes spreading, 8 mm. long, 5 mm. wide at base; corolla white, rotate- campanulate, 2 cm. long, 3-3.5 cm. broad, the short lobes long-acu- minate, glabrous except veins and margin, the intermediate lobes minute, the tube sparsely pilose at base of filaments, these glabrous, straight, shorter than the corolla; glands conspicuous, red; anthers 2.5 mm. long, 1.5 mm. broad; ovary subglobose, glabrous as style, the stigma capitate. After author, who, in allying it to S. ciliata Miers, distinguished it by the branched pubescence. The genetic continuity of character such as pubescence can be proven; cf. Reed Rollins, Rhodora 60: 145-152. 1958. Junin: Quebrada Occopilla, Soukup 3637 (det. Morton). Huan- cavelica: Yauli, Stork & Horton 10859 (det. Standley, S. ciliata). Apurimac: Saxaihuaman, Hen era, 3088 (det. Morton); 828. Cuzco: Paucartambo, Balls B6731 (det. Morton). Ollantaitambo, Cook & Gilbert 417. Urubamba, Soukup 73; 740. "Ahuhaimantu" (Her- rera); "Aguaymantu" (Vargas). Hebecladus intermedius Miers in Hook. Lond. Journ. Bot. 4: 323. 1845; 470. Stems glabrous; petioles scarcely 2 mm. long (or probably the lower much longer); leaves ovate, angulate-sinuate, to 9 cm. long, half as wide, sparsely pilosulous-puberulent both sides; umbels (type) 3-flowered; peduncles 12 mm. long, pedicels 2 cm. long; calyx 8 mm. long; corolla-tube floccose-hirtellous, 2-2.5 cm. long, the limb 8 mm. long, the sublinear lobes 6-8 mm. long, denticulate in the plicae; filaments slender, glabrous, the sagittate anthers long- exserted. Compared with H. asperus (R. & P.) Miers but indu- ment soft; flowers said to be similar to those of H. biflorus (R. & P.) Miers, i.e. H. bicolor (R. & P.) Miers. Lima: Puruchuco, (Mathews 524, type). Saracha lobata Bitter, Repert. Sp. Nov. 18: 103. 1922. A minutely pubescent (trichomes mostly simple, 3-7-celled), as- cending herb; leaves shortly (3-5 mm.) petioled, broadly ovate or rhomboid, about 3-3.5 cm. long and nearly as broad, irregularly and sinuately 5-6-lobed; umbels 4-5-flowered, subsessile or the peduncle 36 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII 5-6 mm. long; pedicels 6-7 mm. long, to 10 mm. in fruit; calyx stel- late-rotate, minutely glandular within, especially near base, 5-6 mm. wide, in fruit twice as wide; corolla pale violet, rotate, 8-10 mm. wide, densely pubescent within at base of glabrous (1-1.2 mm. long) filaments; anthers cordate, only 0.3 mm. long; style 2 mm. long, stigma capitate; berry 6 mm. wide, sclerotic granules lacking. Probably section Eusaracha without sclerotic berry cells. F.M. Neg. 2553. Lima: Stony places, Huillacachi, southwest of Matucana, Weber- bauer 206. Saracha procumbens (Cav.) R. & P. Fl. Peruv. 2: 43, pi. 180b. 1799; 431. Atropa procumbens Cav. Icones 1: 53, pi 72. 1791. Bel- linia procumbens (Cav.) Roem. & Schult. Syst. 4: 687. 1819. With- eringia procumbens (Cav.) Miers, 111. S. Amer. PI. 2: App. 56. 1857. A procumbent-ascending laxly dichotomously branched lightly pubescent herb, the sulcate stems more or less fistulose; petioles mar- gined by the decurrent leaves, 1-2 (-3) cm. long; leaves solitary below, geminate above, subobtuse or acute, the larger often 5-8 cm. long, 3-5 cm. wide, early somewhat pubescent beneath, finally lus- trous and glabrous (typically) both sides, entire or undulate; solitary axillary peduncles 2-4 (-6) -flowered, 8-10 mm. long; pedicels to twice as long and nutant in fruit, pilose or glabrate as the calyces; corolla ochroleucous, green-centered, early ovate, plicate, soon rotate- campanulate, marginally sublanate; filaments glabrous and equal; berry lustrous, black, edible. Var. repando-dentata Dunal, I.e. (S. re- pandidentata (Dunal) Bitter, Repert. Sp. Nov. 19: 269. 1924), has densely ciliate acuminate leaves, sparsely pubescent beneath (tri- chomes simple), peduncles to 2 cm. long, nearly glabrous as pedicels, corolla 17 mm. wide, acute lobes to 5.5 mm. long, berry 12 mm. in diameter (Bitter). Leaves have cleansing, healing virtues (Ruiz & Pavon). F.M. Neg. 33015 (var.). Lima: San Buenaventura, Ruiz & Pavdn, type. Huanuco: Cu- chero, Poeppig 1419 (type, var.). Rio Chinchao, 5060. Arequipa: Near Mejia, (Guenther & Buchtien 105; 106, fide Bruns). Saracha propinqua Miers, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 2, 3: 446. 1849; 683. Hebecladus propinqua (Miers) Bitter, Repert. Sp. Nov. 17: 246. 1921. Type a divaricately branched slightly puberulent shrub 1 meter tall, the often many-celled trichomes rarely branched, most abun- FLORA OF PERU 37 dant on the flowers; petioles 1-nearly 3 cm. long; leaves ovate or broadly lanceolate-ovate, broadly cuneate or subrotund at base, acutely or obtusely acuminate, 3.5-6 cm. long, 2.5-4 cm. wide, sub- entire or undulate-lobulate, firm-membranous; inflorescence axillary, umbelliform, 3-6-flowered; peduncles 1.5-2 cm. long; pedicels 1 cm. long or 1.5-2.5 cm. in fruit; calyx as corolla limb, the former 8- 10 mm. long (in fruit 11 mm.), the latter (typically) about 2.5 cm. across, the spreading acute calyx lobes 3 mm. long, pubescent with- out with patent trichomes, minutely glandular within especially be- low; corolla pale blue, medially violet within, 2 cm. long, the glabrous lower part shortly campanulate, little ventricose, the triangular acute lobes 8-10 mm. long, 7 mm. wide, with 5 small teeth between them, obscurely cucullate; filaments 11 mm. long, glabrous only toward tip; style 16 mm. long, stigma capitate, bilobed; berry 5-6 mm. in diam- eter; sclerotic granules 2. After Bitter, who notes that the corolla form is at variance to that of other species, resembling rather the corolla of Saracha, and he concludes that these groups are closely related. Illustrated, Miers, 111. S. Amer. PL 38. F.M. Neg. 33136. Lima: Near Surco, Ferreyra 5429 (det. Cowan, H. umbellatus) ; Soukup 3731. Prov. Huarachiri at Km. 81, Goodspeed & Metcalf 30242 (det. Morton). Puruchuco, Mathews 774. Viso, Goodspeed Exped. 11530 (det. Johnston). Matucana, 339; Ferreyra 5417 (det. Morton) ; Weberbauer 5275. Saracha sordideviolacea Bitter, Repert. Sp. Nov. 18: 104. 1922. A perennial herb with ascending branches, slightly pubescent, the trichomes mostly simple, many-celled; petioles alate, 6-8 mm. long; leaves broadly ovate or rhomboid-ovate, usually 3^4 cm. long, entire or obscurely repand, sparsely short-pubescent; inflorescence sessile, 3-4-flowered, the pubescent pedicels 8-10 mm. long; calyx stellate- rotate, 7 mm. wide, the acute lobes 2 mm. long; corolla sordid violet, rotate, 1.5-2 cm. across, densely pubescent about the filaments, these only 2-2.3 mm. long, glabrous or with a few trichomes; anthers emar- ginate, 1 mm. long; style to 6 mm. long, stigma obtuse. Probably belongs to section Eusaracha without sclerotic cells (Bitter). Lima: Rocky cliffs above Matucana, Weberbauer 5258, type; 2950. Hebecladus umbellatus (R. & P.) Miers in Hook. Lond. Journ. Bot. 4: 322. 1845; 469. Atropa umbellata R. & P. Fl. Peruv. 2: 44, pi. 181, fig. a. 1799. Atropa revoluta Dietr. Nachtrage Gartn.-Lexik. 38 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII 1: 422. fide Roem. & Schult. Syst. 4: 633. 1819. H. Turneri Miers, I.e. 323, fide Bitter. A rather fragile half -shrub, the minute trichomes 2-4-celled, the ligneous lower branches to 5 mm. thick, the uppermost puberulent as the geminate leaves and umbelliform inflorescence, this somewhat glandular; petioles 1-2.5 (4.5) cm. long; leaves broadly ovate, the largest lower subcordate, 7-10 cm. long, 5-7.5 cm. wide, the upper reduced to about half the size, entire to repand-lobulate, membra- nous, green, the 5-6 pale nerves and veins prominent beneath; pe- duncles axillary or lateral, 5-10 mm. long, pedicels several to many, 7-9 mm. long; calyx 4 mm. long, 5-7 mm. across in flower, thrice as broad in fruit, the ovate-lanceolate lobes 3 (-7) mm. long; corolla tubular-campanulate, the dull violet tube 5-8 (-10) mm. long, 5- 6 mm. across at apex, the greenish finally recurved lanceolate acute lobes 4-5 mm. long, intermediate teeth lacking; filaments little di- lated at base, 12-13 mm. long, glabrous as ovary and style, this finally 15 cm. long, the stigma subglobose-capitate; anthers 1.6 mm. long, in age subsagittate; berry 7-8 mm. in diameter with 2 subapical granules, the many reniform seeds obviously foveolate-reticulate. After Bitter, Repert. Sp. Nov. 20: 375. 1924; Weberbauer observed a blood-red sap at base of filaments sometimes even filling the tube; the odor of the foliage reminded him of Hyoscyamus species (perhaps H. niger L. is cultivated in Peru). Apparently H. Turneri Miers, named for A. Dawson Turner, an English horticulturist, would be the correct name of the plant if included in Saracha, or H. sinuosus Miers, I.e. 7: 352. 1848? Amazonas: Chachapoyas, (Mathews, type, H. sinuosus?). Lima: Chancay, Lurin, Ruiz & Pavdn, type. Lomas de Lachay, Prov. De Chancay, Ferreyra 3861. Atocongo, Nunez 212; Goodspeed Exped. 9294. (det. Johnston). Amancaes, (Mathews 722, fide Miers). Mt. San Augustin, Weberbauer 5223 (5228). Saracha Urbaniana Bitt. & Damm. Repert. Sp. Nov. 17: 442. 1921. Suffruticose; pubescence of many-celled trichomes sparse and sim- ple, mostly ciliate on the branchlets and leaves beneath, especially on the veins; petioles 1-3 cm. long; leaves subentire, rather rhomboid, usually 4-7 cm. long; inflorescence 1-flowered, the peduncle 5-8 mm. long, the pedicel to 1 cm. long; calyx nearly 1 cm. connate, lobes 10-13 mm. long, within at base minutely glandular; corolla bluish- white, broadly campanulate, 3-3.8 cm. long, about 4 cm. wide, pubes- FLORA OF PERU 39 cent, the lobes 5-8 mm. long, within at base glabrous but with 5 violet glands; filaments 12-15 mm. long, pubescent below, style 1.5 cm. long; berry about 14 mm. in diameter with 2 sclerotic cells near apex. A beautiful species, near S. ciliata Miers but with very much larger flowers, and related to S. Weberbaueri Damm. but with different and pubescent foliage. Lima: Above San Bartolome', Weberbauer 5262; 5305. Hebecladus ventricosus Baker in Saund. Refug. Bot. 3: pi. 208. 1870. Erect shrub, glabrous or essentially except for puberulence on calyx, and cilia on margins of ovate leaves, these 7 cm. long or longer; peduncles and pedicels subequal; flowers usually 2, rarely solitary, nutant; calyx spreading, accrescent after anthesis; corolla pale yellow, somewhat purplish at base, campanulate-ventricose (constricted at throat), 12 mm. long and wide, the lanceolate lobes recurved, minute teeth in the intervals; stamens and style much exserted, the latter finally about 2 cm. long. Apparently the filaments as corolla are glabrous; the author remarks that corolla shape is different from any species described by Dunal but except in corolla resembles H. viridiflorus (HBK.) Miers, 469, of Ecuador; that, however, has a tubular corolla; rather it seems to be a cultivated state of S. biflora R. & P. Type by Farris (not seen), no data; flowers 1.5-2 cm. long in cultivated examples referred here. Peru: Without locality (Farris, type). Saracha villosa (Zucc.) G. Don, Syst. 4: 1838; 430. Atropa villosa Zucc. in Roem. Coll. 130. 1809. S. erecta (Zucc.) Roem. & Schult. Syst. 4: 684. 1818. Witheringia villosa (Zucc.) Miers, 111. S. Amer. PI. 2: App. 56. 1857. S. sinuosa Bitter, Repert. Sp. Nov. 18: 101. 1922?, vix Miers, in Hook. Lond. Journ. Bot. 7: 352. 1848. Stems more or less woody; branches and leaves, especially be- neath, usually densely viscid-villous; petioles winged, 12-15 mm. long; leaves entire or sinuate, cordate-ovate, acuminate, the larger about 5 cm. long; umbels 5-9-flowered, the villous peduncle 6-8 mm. (-1.5 cm.) long, the puberulent cernuous pedicels papillose, 4-6 mm. long; calyx accrescent; corolla greenish-yellow, rotate, small or large, somewhat pubescent. As suggested by Dunal, probably this and several other names are a part of S. contorta R. & P. ; appar- ently the plant of Miers is allied to or the same as H. umbellatus. 40 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII Lima: North of Barranca, Morrison & Beetle 9099; Goodspeed Exped. 9228. Hebecladus Weberbaueri Damm. Bot. Jahrb. 37: 638. 1906. A puberulent shrub with greenish tubular flowers in axillary umbels of 3-5; petioles 6-10 mm. long; leaves ovate-lanceolate, obliquely cuneate at base, 3-6 cm. long, 2-4.5 cm. wide, peduncles 1.5-4 cm. long, pedicels 1-2 cm. long; calyx 17 mm. across, lobes ovate, acute, 5 mm. long, stellulate without; corolla tube pilose within, floccose without, 28 mm. long (as style), the larger teeth 6 mm. long, the smaller 1 mm.; stamens little exserted, filaments pilose, anther sagittate, 3 mm. long, stigma clavate; berry semi- included, 12 mm. in diameter. Apparently related to H. intermedius Miers but ashy pubescent even to the stems. Doubtfully distinct. Ancash: Grass-shrub formations, Ocros, Prov. of Cajatambo, Weberbauer 2652. Saracha Weberbaueri Damm. Bot. Jahrb. 37: 638. 1906; 344. S. pallascana (Bitter) Macbr. Field Mus. Bot. 8: 109. 1930. S. Weberbaueri Damm., subsp. palascana Bitter, Repert. Sp. Nov. 19: 267. 1924. Related to S. Urbaniana Bitt. & Damm. but nearly glabrous and herbaceous above; leaves broadly ovate, rounded to shortly acute base, more or less long-acuminate or caudate-acuminate; branches supported in shrubs; peduncle 0.5-1.5 cm. long; pedicels 1.5-3 cm. long; connate part of calyx 12 mm. long in fruit; corolla violet with green veins, 3.5-4.5 cm. long, 3.5-5.5 cm. wide, lobes 5-6 mm. long, anthers 4 mm. long; style 17-22 mm. long; berry 15-16 mm. thick. Type a perennial herb but certainly ligneous at base (Bitter); to 2 meters tall. Dammer noted the basally pilose filaments as unequal; Bitter remarks that this is due to their development at different times, finally becoming equal in length. Perhaps always a half-shrub in age; leaves sometimes only 3-4 cm. long, half as wide, peduncles even obsolete, pedicels a cm. long or less, corollas greenish-white, bluish-green at base within, about 3 cm. long, 3.5 cm. broad. Such characters can scarcely be concomitant or taxonomically significant even varietally; neverthe- less, they indicated a subspecies (pallascana) to the over-industrious Bitter; surely my usually protective laziness failed me that I ever recorded it as a species. Ancash: Ocros, Prov. of Cajatambo, Weberbauer 2657, type. Lima: Above Supe, (Weberbauer, 170). FLORA OF PERU 41 9. DUNALIA HBK. Dierbachia Spreng. Syst. 1: 512, 676. 1825. Acnistus Schott, Wien. Zeitschr. 4: 1180. 1829, fide Kuntze. lochroma Benth. Bot. Reg. 30: pi. 20. 1845. Lycioplesium Miers in Hook. Lond. Journ. Bot. 4: 330. 1845. Chaenesthes Miers, I.e. 336. Cleochroma Miers, I.e. 7: 349. 1848. Codochonia Dunal in DC. Prodr. 13, pt. 1: 482. 1850. References: Dunal in DC. Prodr. I.e. 482 et ref. 1852; Sleumer, Lilloa 23: 117-142. 1950. Shrubs, often spinescent and then sometimes simulating Lycium L. but at least as to Peru with larger leaves, longer, narrower fascicu- late-umbellate flowers. Calyx not or slightly accrescent, but more or less supporting to rarely sub-enclosing the berry (lochroma), tubular to subcampanulate, somewhat unequally dentate, sometimes bilobed or laterally (especially in age) cleft. Corolla subcampanulate to infundibuliform-tubular or tubular, often slightly curved, the lobes plicate or more or less induplicate-valvate. Filaments dilated or not below, smooth or minutely appendaged, glabrous or more or less pubescent, usually affixed basally or submedially. Calyx if accrescent (lochroma) not inflated. Seeds reniform, somewhat com- pressed, embryo more or less arcuate. Flowers rarely 6-merous; Bitter noted much variation in size and count (some to 50 or about 80) of stone granules. It is doubtful if there is a natural distinction between lochroma Benth. and Dunalia HBK., the characters appar- ent when the original species were known being, it seems, actually the same, developed in varying degree. Sleumer, I.e., has given a precise key to related genera (Solaninae) and to the species of Argentina and Bolivia but he avoids placing the variable D. arborescens (L.) Sleumer! However, he has discussed that species and helpfully listed all names considered valid as well as many probably referable to Dunalia; he has followed Kuntze in including Acnistus Schott, contrary to Hitchcock, Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 19: 198. 1932, the latter using calyx and form of corolla as basic generic indications; a number of groups could quite as logically and much more conveniently be treated together as sections under fewer common (generic) names, as the differences are often trivial or somewhat variable; Nicotiana L., as recently defined, exhibits great diversity in corolla-form, Cestrum L. in stamen character. Omitted from key is the spinescent Fregirardia Dunaliana Wedd. with small dark violet corollas, ex char, probably a Dunalia, sens. lat. 42 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII KEY TO DUNALIA (including IOCHROMA) Corolla more or less campanulate; lobes and tube subequal; flowers few to many, often at leafless nodes D. arborescens. Corolla tubular to funnelform; lobes clearly shorter than tube; flowers 1-many, often with leaves. Leaves alternate or subopposite, subequal, usually some or all 4 cm. wide or wider; calyx somewhat accrescent, sometimes slightly or partly enclosing berry; spines always lacking. Corolla 3-6 cm. long, orange-red, blue or violet; filaments pu- bescent except /. grandiflorum. Corolla orange-red, densely tomentose, about 3 cm. long. D. peruviana. Corolla blue-purple or violet, puberulent or pubescent, 3-6 cm. long. Filaments puberulent or pubescent below; corolla 3-4 cm. long, limb 1 cm. broad D. tubulosa. Filaments glabrous below; corolla to 6 cm. long, throat expanded, to 2.5 cm. broad /. Warscewiczii. Corolla about 2 cm. long, greenish-yellow or reddish to purple- red; filaments glabrous (known). Flowers 6-merous, reddish; filaments nearly free; anthers 3-4 mm. long D. solanoides. Flowers 5-merous, usually yellowish; filaments affixed sub- medially; anthers 2.5-3 mm. long Z). umbellata. Leaves at least early unequal in fascicles, the largest rarely 4 cm. wide (unless D. lycioides, D. spinosa, both spinescent), all often much smaller; calyx scarcely or not accrescent. Calyx early truncate, typically 5-cusped or -apiculate; leaves mostly or all widest submedially, to 5 cm. long; corolla 10-12 (15) mm. long, pubescent within. D. brachystemon, D. spathulata. Calyx soon lobate or denticulate; leaves usually somewhat obo- vate or oblong-spatulate, rarely 5-8 cm. long; corolla (full an thesis) at least 1.5 cm. long. Leaves mostly or all wider than 5 mm. and longer than 1 cm.; spines mostly lateral or lacking. Indument known within corolla near base (types) ; filaments obscurely to clearly appendaged (types); branchlets usually spiny. FLORA OF PERU 43 Leaves 1-2.5 cm. long or if to 4 cm. long, distinctly obovate; corolla 1.5-2.5 cm. long (following may be 2 or 3, even a single variable entity) . Filaments (type) free nearly to base; leaves more or less obovate, usually about 1 cm. wide or wider. D. obovata. Filaments about one-third adnate; leaves lance- spatulate to elliptic-obovate, 5-12 mm. wide (types) or wider. Appendages short, membranous (or none?); fila- ments glabrous D. lycioides. Appendages 6-7 mm. long; filaments puberulent. Leaves suboblong, undulate D. angustifolia. Leaves elliptic-obovate, plane . . . . D. Weberbaueri. Leaves mostly or all 3.5-8 cm. long, often spatulate; corolla 2.5-4 cm. long. Corolla 2.5 cm. long; filament teeth bifid, tomentose; type espinose D. lilacina. Corolla 3-4 cm. long; filament teeth glabrous; spines present (always?) D. Besseri, D. spinosa. Indument unknown inside corolla; filaments smooth (types, unless D. lycioides); branchlets often espinose or axil- lary, (nodal) spines 1 cm. long. Corolla to 2 cm. long; leaves sometimes several cm. long. D. lycioides. Corolla to 3 cm. long; leaves 4-10 mm. wide. D. dolichostyla. Corolla half as long; leaves usually 12-15 mm. wide (un- less D. horrida). Leaves (larger) 12-15 mm. wide; spines none. D. Dombeyana. Leaves 4-6 mm. wide; spines stout, apical or nodal. D. horrida. Leaves about 5 mm. wide, 10-12 mm. long or smaller; branch- lets often many, 2-2.5 cm. long, spine-tipped . .D. horrida. Dunalia angustifolia Damm. Bot. Jahrb. 50, Beibl. Ill : 54. 1913. Branchlet tips, younger leaves beneath and flowers more or less puberulent; nodal spines 1-2 cm. long; petioles a few (to 10) mm. 44 FIELD MUSEUM OF]NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII long; leaves narrowly oblong-elliptic, acute at base, subobtuse, 1.5- 2.5 cm. long, 4-8 mm. wide, often strongly undulate-margined; pedicels solitary, 1 cm. long; calyx 4-5 mm. wide and long, broadly ovate lobes 1.5-2 mm. long; corolla violet, 2-2.5 cm. long, about 6 mm. across at top, puberulent also within at base as the unequal filaments, these 19-24 mm. long, appendages 7-10 mm. long; anthers 4 mm. long; style 22-27 mm. long, stigma capitate. Sleumer, I.e. 122, suggested that this and D. Besseri may be the same, a possibility noted in manuscript by me. F.M. Neg. 2515. Arequipa: Base of Misti, Weberbauer 4828, type. Dunalia arborescens (L.) Sleumer, Lilloa 23: 124. 1950. Atropa arborescens L. Amoen. Acad. 4: 307. 1759. D. campanulata (Lam.) Macbr. Field Mus. Bot. 8: 109. 1930. Oestrum campanulatum Lam. Encycl. 1: 688. 1789. Lycium aggregatum R. & P. Fl. Peruv. 2: 45, pi. 182a. 1799. L. guayaquilense HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 3: 50. 1818? L. floribundum HBK. I.e. L. ovale Roem. & Schult. Syst. 4: 698. 1819? Acnistus guayaquilensis (HBK.) G. Don, Gen. Syst. 4: 461. 1838. A. floribundus (HBK.) G. Don, I.e. A. sideroxyloides G. Don, I.e.? Pederlea aggregate, (R. & P.) Raf. Sylva Tellur. 54. 1838. A. aggregatus (R. & P.) Miers in Hook. Lond. Journ. Bot. 4: 341. 1845. A. confertiflorus Miers, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 2, 4: 31. 1849? A. arborescens (L.) Schlecht. Linnaea 7: 67. 1832? A shrub or tree sometimes 10-15 meters tall, with often ample petioled oblong to elliptic leaves, more or less floccose at least beneath especially when young, and greenish-white or cream-colored fragrant flowers, few to many in fascicles along the light-barked cicatrose branchlets; pedicels about 6-15 mm. long, slender or subfiliform except at apex or stouter when shorter; calyx glabrate to floccose, truncate and sometimes obscurely toothed, becoming irregularly 3-5- lobed in age; corolla campanulate-funnelform, 8-17 mm. long, pu- bescent within only at base of filaments, glabrous to puberulent without; stamens often barely, sometimes shortly, exserted; fruit glo- bose, finally orange color, 4-5 mm. thick. This may be treated as a variant of D. arborescens (L.) Sleumer, typically of the West Indies (Central America, Brazil, fide Sleumer), with very slender pedicels and soon much exserted stamens; possibly it will be found merging with forms of the widely distributed D. arborescens, which, as noted by Sleumer, may include a number of species but most likely not Peruvian, described under Dunalia, Acnistus, Lycioplesium and Lycium; the Peruvian collections vary considerably even in FLORA OF PERU 45 characters of pedicels and flowers but may be classified as D. arbo- rescens (L.) Sleumer, var. campanulata (Lam.) Macbr., comb. nov. Miers, I.e. 340, described A. arborescens (L.) Schlecht. as variable in size of leaves but glabrous as pedicels, these slender, and corolla, this very short, broader in proportion than in any other species, 8-10 mm. long, 4 mm. across, calyx smooth, membranous, stamens far exserted. Var. campanulatum (i.e. L. aggregatum) is more or less pubescent, stamens scarcely exserted to exserted, leaves tomentulose beneath. Leaves of A. guayaquilensis glabrous above, pubescent beneath, as L. floribundum. A. sideroxyloides G. Don, I.e. from Rio Magdalena (Lima or Cajamarca) has no distinctive character. Often found near partly dry stream or on rocky slopes. Earthenware used on a fire of the wood, which burns noisily, often breaks, whence the name "quiebra ollas" (Ruiz and Pavon); the leaves with lard are used as an emollient (Ruiz and Pavon); for rheumatism (Klug). Cajamarca: Rio Magdalena, Bonpland (type, L. floribundum; also A. sideroxyloides?). San Martin: Jepelacio, Klug 3565. Rioja, Woytkowski 27. Ancash: Weberbauer 2648. Lima: Chosica, 533; Asplund 13768; Rose 18547; Ferreyra 2840; Mexia 04001 (det. Johnston, A. umbellatus). Atocongo, Pennell 14754- Pachacamac, Mexia 8098 (det. Morton); 04047 (det. Johnston, A. umbellatus). Chancay, Ruiz & Pavdn (type, L. aggregatum) ; Wilkes Exped.; Eyer- dam 9068; 9121 (det. Johnston, A. umbellatus; 9121 abnormal from a "rust"). Huanuco: Chulki, Sawada 59. Near Huanuco, 2313; Ruiz & Pavdn. Muna, 4004- Huacachi, 4142- Pampayacu, Kane- hira 229. Loreto: Iquitos, Killip & Smith 27157 (det. Moldenke). To the Caribbean and Central America. "Quiebra ollas" or "ma- capaqui." Dunalia Besseri Damm. Bot. Jahrb. 50, Beibl. Ill: 56. 1913. Young branches more or less tomentose puberulent; leaves sub- lanceolate, 3.5-5 cm. long, 5-8 mm. broad; calyx-teeth ovate- triangular, about 2 mm. long; corolla puberulent, tubular, about 3 cm. long, 5 mm. across at apex, within at base pilose-puberulent, the teeth 1.5 mm. long; filaments puberulent, the entire (?) append- ages about 6 mm. long. Perhaps only a form of D. spinosa (Meyen) Damm.; the scrap type shows no spines; the large leaves, long- cuneate to base and slightly narrowed to obtuse tip, simulate those of D. spinosa; Bitter found granules not solidified, so no count. F.M. Neg. 2516. 46 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII Peru(?) : von Besser, type. Dunalia brachystemon A. Br. & Bouche*, Ind. Sem. Hort. Berol. App. 6. 1861. Near D. spathulata (R. & P.) A. Br. & Aschers. but leaves mostly 2.5-5 cm. long, and, especially, filaments broadly bidentate, the free portion scarcely longer than the anthers. Probably a form; the type from hedges and vicinity. Huanuco: Chulki, Sawada 52. In serpentine, north of Huanuco, Stork & Horton 9402 (det. Standley). Dunalia dolichostyla (Bitter) Macbr. Field Mus. Bot. 8: 109. 1930. Acnistus dolichostylus Bitter, Repert. Sp. Nov. 21: 85. 1925. A densely branched sometimes sprawling spiny shrub with obo- vate fascicled leaves 1-1.5 (3) cm. long, 4-10 mm. broad; pedicels 8-10 mm. long, clustered; calyx campanulate, about 5 mm. long, nearly as broad, the broad teeth scarcely 0.5 mm. long; corolla dull violet, pubescent above, narrowly elongate funnelform (broadly in some species), 2.5-3 cm. long; filaments adnate below, free for 12 mm., unappendaged; style (stigma small) exserted 7-9 mm., stamens also or these included. The style is not included in specimens with exserted stamens; filaments free nearly to base, glabrous, as corolla within, this narrower in type than in later specimens which seem to be espinose but only younger branches present on specimens seen. Remarkable species intermediate between true Dunalia and the sec- tion Acnistus (Bitter). F.M. Neg. 2485. La Libertad: Prov. Santiago de Chuco, Weberbauer 7087; Stork & Horton 9980 (det. Standley); West 8166 (det. Johnston, D. obo- vata). Valle de Moche, Nunez 2989. Dunalia Dombeyana (Dunal) Macbr., comb. nov. Lyciople- sium Dombeyanum Dunal in DC. Prodr. 13: 492. 1852. A shrub apparently most similar to D. dolichostyla; type spineless; leaves (the larger) only 1.5-2 cm. long, 12-14 mm. wide; calyx obconic-poculiform-campanulate, to 4 mm. long and broad, the broad unequal lobes whitish scarious marginally; corolla only 4 mm. broad, 13-15 mm. long (red?), glabrous within as the filaments, these in- serted toward the base; style included but longer than the equal stamens, anthers cordate. Ex char, this is not exactly D. obovata to which Dunal allied it, but diagnostic specific values and their variation potential in this genus are as yet inadequately determined. FLORA OF PERU 47 D. Pflanzii Damm., Bot. Jahrb. 50, Beibl. Ill: 57. 1913, from near La Paz, Bolivia, is D. lycioides Miers, fide Sleumer but may be re- lated to D. Dombeyana, ex char.; corolla glabrous within, filaments 6 mm. above the base, membranous appendages 1 cm. long, leaves 2.5-8.5 cm. long, 0.5-2.5 cm. wide. Junin: Near Tarma, (Dombey), type. Fregirardia Dunaliana Wedd. Chloris And. 2: 100. 1857. Shrub to 2 meters tall, branches light reddish-brown, apically pubescent, armed (the type at least) with sharp spines 1.5-2 cm. long; leaves lanceolate, acute or rarely obtuse, decurrent to petiole, 3-6 cm. long, 5-15 mm. wide, pale green and puberulent both sides; umbels 2-4-flowered, subaxillary, pedicels 1.5-2 cm. long; calyx about 4 mm. long (after anthesis strongly accrescent), poculiform, pubes- cent, subtruncate between the remote linear-subulate teeth; corolla purple, rotate-subfunnelform, very hirsute in throat, scarcely half longer than calyx; anthers bluish; berry orange, globose, apiculate, finally 8 mm. in diameter, clasped at base by the enlarged calyx, the calyx lobes then unequal. Similar to F. eriolarynx Dunal, 503, of Bolivia, as to type spineless, the leaves glabrous beneath, corolla three times longer than calyx; it is probably a small-flowered species of Dunalia. Tacna: Palca, (Weddell, type). Bolivia. Dunalia horrida (HBK.) Macbr. Field Mus. Bot. 8: 109. 1930; 493. Lycium parvifolium Roem. & Schult. Syst. 4: 698. 1819. Ly- cium horridum HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 3: 52. 1818. Lycioplesium horridum (HBK.) Miers in Hook. Lond. Journ. Bot. 4: 331. 1845. Stoutly branched, the approximate uppermost nodes spinose or producing short divaricate spine-tipped glabrate branchlets (in type 2-4 cm. long) ; leaves 4-7-fasciculate, attenuate into the very short petioles, obovate or suboblong, obtuse, 8-12 mm. long, about half as wide, glabrous, lustrous, the veins obscure; flowers violet, pe- duncles pulverulent, arcuate-pendulous, filiform, 6-8 mm. long; calyx glabrous, semiglobose-campanulate, about 3 mm. long, obsoletely denticulate, nearly truncate, glabrous as the tubular corolla, this violet, slightly curved, to about 1.5 cm. long, equally and acutely 5-dentate, marginally pilosulous, subequaled by the basally inserted capillary glabrous filaments; style slightly longer than stamens, anthers oblong; berry black. Incompletely known but suggests a desert or upland version of D. Dombeyana or D. dolichostyla; corolla 48 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII glabrous within in Ferreyra's collection, which matches photo. F.M. Neg. 2490. Used for fences (cercos), according to Ferreyra. Cajamarca: Near Magdalena, Bonpland, type. Cumbre Mayo, Nunez 1601. Ancash: Chiquian, Ferreyra 6196. "Churur" (Ferrey- ra). Dunalia lilacina Miers, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 2, 4: 32. 1849; 687. Unarmed shrub with fascicled glabrous spathulate oblong leaves about 1 cm. wide, 3.5 cm. long, attenuate into petiole 2 cm. long, and lilac narrowly funnelform flowers about 2.5 cm. long, 8 mm. broad at throat, borne in axillary fascicles; peduncles 12 mm. long; calyx campanulate, 5-nerved, the rounded teeth mucronate; corolla scarcely puberulent without, pubescent below within the nearly en- tire puberulent limb with 5-6 acute teeth; stamens as style included, 3 shorter, filaments glabrous but with white tomentose fleshy teeth. Said to differ from all other species by the bifid very tomentose filament-appendages. Known only from cultivation at Kew, origin Peru, fide Index Kewensis. Peru (perhaps). Dunalia lycioides Miers in Hook. Lond. Journ. Bot. 4: 334. 1845; 485. Strongly spinescent shrub 2 meters tall or taller, glabrous unless the purple more or less nutant solitary or geminate flowers; branches flexuose, the axillary spines sometimes several cm. long, sometimes absent; petioles 4-6 mm. long, 1-3-fasciculate; leaves fleshy, lanceo- late-spathulate, decurrent, rounded apically, about 18 mm. long, 5 mm. wide or larger; pedicels filiform or slender, to about 1 cm. long; calyx early puberulent, 5-costate, the short subovate mucron- ulate lobes lanate at tip; corolla deep purple (crimson, Miers), 2 cm. long, limb 8-10 mm. across, lobes short, marginally floccose, the alter- nate lobules membranous; filaments purple, adnate one-third, free 8-10 mm., the short acute lateral appendages membranous; anthers oblong, yellow, scarcely or more or less exserted; berry finally red, nearly 1 cm. in diameter; seeds compressed-reniform, yellowish, gran- ules 24-26 (Bitter). After Dunal (mostly, as usual by Dunal, from author); perhaps should include similar species, as D. dolichostyla, etc.; question of the validity of floral characters. Stork & Horton 10708, referred by Standley with query to D. spathulata, may not be this species; calyx in flower denticulate, corolla 2 cm. long, leaves 4 FLORA OF PERU 49 cm. long; possibly is D. Pflanzii Damm. (see note under D. Dombey- ana). According to Sleumer, I.e. 141, Bolivian specimens referred here by him have mature leaves 4-5 cm. long, 1.5 cm. wide. The stamens, fide Sleumer, are not so far exserted as illustrated by Miers (pl.2,f.l). Lima: (Mathews). Junin: Tarma and Jauja, (Mathews 850, type). Ayacucho: Toward Mataral, 3,500 meters, West 3653 (det. John- ston). Apurimac: Andahuaylas, West 3745 (det. Johnston, D. obo- vata) ; Stork & Horton 1 0708? Prov. Avancam, Vargas 2278Cuzco : Hacienda Churu, Prov. Paucartambo, Herrera 1023a (vel affine, Morton). Arequipa: Above Cotahuasi, 3,700 meters, Weberbauer 6864. Mt. Chiwata, Eyerdam & Beetle 22130 (det. Johnston). Puno(?):NearPuno(T),&>tdfc*p#. Bolivia; Colombia. "Tankar," "majra-huayra" (West). Dunalia obovata (R. & P.) Damm. Bot. Jahrb. 50, Beibl. Ill: 56. 1913; 492. Lycium obovatum R. & P. Fl. Peruv. 2: 46, pi. 183c. 1799. L. peruvianum Hort. ex Dippel, Hand. Laubholzk. 1: 30. 1889, fide C. L. Hitchcock. Lycioplesium obovatum (R. & P.) Miers in Hook. Lond. Journ. Bot. 4: 330. 1845. Glabrous more or less spinose shrub sometimes 2 meters tall or taller, the erect terete light-colored stems with diffuse or spreading branches, adult often naked; leaves at first fasciculate, unequal, later few, obovate, alately decurrent on petioles 4-16 mm. long, obtuse, 3-4 cm. long, 12-15 mm. wide, primary nerves 4-5, faint even be- neath; peduncles slender, incrassate above, solitary or geminate, 12- 15 mm. long; calyx poculiform, 4 mm. long, 5 mm. across, lobes acute or subacute, little mucronulate; corolla purple-violet, tubular, 14- 18 mm. long, slightly ampliate to pubescent limb where 8 or 9 mm. in diameter, the short triangular teeth flocculose marginally; stamens included or anthers visible, filaments glabrous except for villous base; style exserted, stigma clavate, subbifid; berry orange, globose, the small seeds lutescent. Filaments with obscure to 3 mm. long ap- pendages (Dammer). Dammer, I.e. 53-58, as Dunal, proposed or accepted several segregates of D. obovata based largely upon varia- tions in floral pubescence and development of filament-appendages; the value of the former character and possibly of the latter is open to question. Perhaps this should include some if not all of the shrubs assigned specific names on corolla characters; corolla deep blue, an- thers white to yellow (Killip & Smith). F.M. Neg. 2521. 50 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII Junin: Tarma, Ruiz & Pavon, type; Killip & Smith 21976; Velarde Nunez 637. Chongos Bajo, Soukup 3616. Quebradas de San Mateo, Isern 2538. "Espino." Dunalia peruviana (Dunal) Macbr., comb. nov. Chaenesthes gesneriodes (HBK.) Miers, var. peruviana Dunal in DC. Prodr. 13, pt. 1 : 488. 1852. lochroma peruvianum (Dunal) Macbr. Field Mus. Bot. 8: 107. 1930. Upper branches and fasciculate pedicels densely villous-tomen- tose; petioles about 1 cm. long; leaves ovate, in type about 5 cm. long, scarcely half as wide, probably larger in age, apparently gla- brate above, somewhat pubescent beneath; pedicels slender, incras- sate above, 3.5-4 cm. long; calyx short, often truncate or unequally 5-dentate, one segment bilobed, the other trilobulate; corolla orange- red, closely tomentose, 3 cm. long, may be longer; stamens and style subequal, subexserted, filaments apparently pubescent, stigma capi- tately bilobulate. After Dunal (as most descriptions) but ex char, apparently specifically distinct from the Colombian species of HBK. with equal rounded mucronulate calyx lobes, style longer, stigma tri- lobulate; the related /. fuchsioides (HBK.) Miers, 487, of Ecuador has glabrous corolla; I. cornifolia (HBK.) Miers, 488, seemingly also /. loxensis (HBK.) Miers, 488, have pubescent filaments, stamens included, and may be near D. umbellata (R. & P.) Macbr. Amazonas: Chachapoyas, (Mathews, type). Dunalia solanoides (Dunal) Macbr. Field Mus. Bot. 8: 109. 1930; 482. Codochonia solanoides Dunal in DC. Prodr. 13, pt. 1: 482. 1852. A more or less puberulent tomentose shrub; petioles 7-10 mm. long, stipules geminate in the axils, ovate-oblong, obtuse, 6-8 mm. long, 4-6 mm. wide; leaves ovate or lanceolate, acuminate, more or less attenuate to acute or sometimes rounded at base, 4-7 cm. wide, to 1 dm. long or longer with (11) 12-13 primary nerves, reticulate veins; flowers in terminal or axillary fascicles or racemiform umbels, funnelform-campanulate-salverform calyx 4 mm. long, 5-6 mm. across in anthesis, in fruit 8-10 mm. broad, the broad unequal teeth obscurely mucronate; corollas reddish toward base, slightly pubes- cent without, glabrous within, the tube 15 mm. long, 6 mm. wide, at yellowish apex 10 mm. across, the 5 (6) ovate lobes 5-7 mm. long, nearly as broad; filaments 8-10 mm. long, glabrous, affixed at base, anthers 3-4 mm. long; berry black (1 cm. thick) about half enclosed FLORA OF PERU 51 in the calyx; seeds subreniform, subrostrate and emarginate at base, ochraceous-rufescent; granules none, fide Bitter. Type 6-merous (Codochonia Dunal); approaches the subgenus lochroma but char- acter probably not specific and if not, there is doubtfully a true dis- tinction from D. umbellata (R. & P.) Macbr. Corolla 1 cm. long, greenish-lead color (West). The type, Dombey 335, without locality, probably came from Lima or Huanuco. F.M. Neg. 6870. La Libertad: Huamachuco, West 8192. Prov. Otuzco, Lopez M.0314. Trujillo, Velarde Nunez 1*52. Lima: Surco, Soukup 4236. Dunalia spathulata (R. & P.) A. Br. & Aschers. Ind. Sem. Hort. Berol. App. 6. 1861; 500. Lycium spathulatum R. & P. Fl. Peruv. 2: 46, pi. 183a. 1799. Acnistus spat(h)ulatus (R. & P.) G. Don, Gen. Syst. 4: 461. 1838. Huanuca spathulata (R. & P.) Raf. Sylva Tellur. 54. 1838. D. acnistoides Miers in Hook. Lond. Journ. Bot. 7: 338. 1848? Glabrous, often rather intricately branched always spineless shrub, ordinarily a meter or two tall; branchlets divaricate, subangulate or subarcuate; leaves scattered or fasciculate, usually obovate-spatu- late, not infrequently oblong-subelliptic, but long-attenuate below the middle, canaliculately and subalately decurrent on the slender petiole (this finally 1-2 cm. long), subobtuse, unequal, the larger to 7 cm. long, 3 cm. wide, often smaller, especially when fasciculate; nerves rather prominent on opaque lower surface, visible on the slightly lustrous-resinous upper; axillary or subaxillary sessile um- bels with 1-20 1-flowered slender apically incrassate unequal pedun- cles often lax in flower, many about 1 cm. long; calyx subtruncate, obscurely 5-apiculate, cupulate, about 3 mm. long and broad, in fruit unevenly lobulate, 6 mm. broad; corolla purplish-red or purple, at full anthesis 10-15 mm. long, slightly ampliate, the 1.5-2 mm. long acute lobes puberulent, especially marginally; stamens included, fila- ments about 6 mm. long, inserted 2 mm. above the base, pubescent below and ordinarily with appendages 3-5 mm. long; anthers oval, 3 mm. long, yellowish-violet; stigma subglobose; berry orange- yellow, 8 mm. in diameter, the lutescent scrobiculate seeds com- pressed-orbicular; granules none, fide Bitter, but berry immature. The species of Miers may have been based on mixed material; the chief discrepancy ex char, is the tubular calyx; the smaller (8 mm. long) corolla and appendages 1 mm. long may be due to error or an undeveloped example; these characters may have caused Sleumer to compare the Mathews plant (not seen, at least by Dammer) with 52 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII D. arborescens, this always with some indument and different leaves; D. brachystemon A. Br. & Bouche* with shorter stamen parts, the free filaments and anthers subequal, said to be cultivated and escaped in hedges as at Tarma, seems to have characters of doubtful taxonomic validity; Sleumer has suggested that Mathews 849 may be D. arbores- cens, sens. lat. F.M. Neg. 2523. San Martin: San Roque, Soukup 3103. Huanuco: Roadsides, 2312; 3236; 3530; Ruiz & Pawn, type; (Mathews 849, type, D. acnis- toides). Chulqui, Kanehira 52; Mexia 04103 (det. Johnston). Hua- cho, Stork & Horton 9402 (det. Standley, D. brachystemon). "Pacha- pushti" (Mexia). Dunalia spinosa (Meyen) Damm. Bot. Jahrb. 50, Beibl. Ill: 55. 1913; 494. Atropa spinosa Meyen, Reise 1: 469. 1834. Lycium (Grabowskia) Meyenianum Nees, Obs. Bot. 390. 1843. Lycioplesium Meyenianum (Nees) Miers in Hook. Lond. Journ. Bot. 4: 332. 1845. Grabowskia (Lycium?) Meyenianum Nees ex Walp. Repert. Bot. 3: 113. 1844-1845. Nodes those extended as stout spinose branchlets and young tips early subfloccose-tomentose; petioles 3-6 mm. long, soon gla- brate as the attenuate base of the oblong-lanceolate obtuse leaves, these often 3-4 cm. long, about 1 cm. wide; peduncles puberulent, 1 cm. or longer, 2 cm. in fruit; calyx glabrous, campanulate, rounded at base, the broad lobes soon unequal, 5 mm. long and broad; ap- pendages (2) 3-denticulate; corolla violet, 3-4 cm. long, the limb lightly plicate, 12 mm. long, 5 obscurely puberulent teeth 2 mm. long, 4 mm. broad, ciliate, alternating with 5 teeth 0.5 mm. long, scarcely 1 mm. broad; stamens adnate 2 mm. at base of corolla tube, filaments glabrous, 1-1.5 cm. long, appendages glabrous, bifid, to 7 mm. long; anthers oblong-oval, to 4 mm. long, included (Dammer) ; fruit orange-red, 8-10 mm. in diameter, calyx 3-4-parted, partly en- closing the globose berry (Miers). The Tacna specimen matches the negative of the type (Berlin) but the appendages seem to be much smaller. F.M. Neg. 2524. Arequipa: Near Arequipa, Isern 2014. Puno: Pisacoma, Meyen, type. Tacna: Prov. Tarata, 3,000 meters, Metcalf 30400 (det. Mor- ton, D. Weberbaueri). Dunalia tubulosa (Benth.) Macbr., comb. nov. lochroma tubu- losum Benth. Bot. Reg. 31 (8) : pi. 20. 1845. Habrothamnus cyaneus Lindley, Bot. Reg. 30 (7): Bot. Misc. 72. 1844, not D. cyanea P. FLORA OF PERU 53 de Rouvelle ex Dunal, 1852. /. cyaneum (Lindley) M. L. Greene ex Lawrence & Tucker, Baileya 3: 66. 1955. I. lanceolatum Miers in Hook. Lond. Journ. Bot. 7: 347. 1848. Chaenesthes lanceolata Miers, I.e. 4: 239. 1845. /. Weberbaueri Damm. Repert. Sp. Nov. 15: 266. 1918. Type a 4-meter shrub with more or less densely tomentose branches, leaves beneath, pedicels (2.5 cm. long) and calyces; petioles 2-2.5 cm. long; leaves sparsely puberulent above, 9-11 cm. long, 4-6 cm. wide; flowers blue, clustered; calyx cupulate, irregularly dentate, 6 mm. long, the obtuse teeth 1-3 mm. long, 2-2.5 mm. wide; corolla puber- ulent, glabrous within, tubular, little ampliate, plicate limb 10-den- tate, tube 3.5-4 cm. long, 2-3.5 mm. in diameter, limb 1 cm. across, 5 lobes 3 mm. long, 4 mm. wide, the intermediate 1 mm. long; sta- mens unequal, included (type), adnate 8 mm. above base, densely puberulent below, less so above, 3.2, 3 and 2.8 mm. long; stigma sub-bilobed. After Dammer; the Peruvian plant according to him differs from /. tubulosum Benth., 490, of Ecuador in having more flowers and longer leaves; the latter species has inflated calyx 8 mm. long, the teeth equal (author) ; also, corolla more deeply lobed, differ- ences seemingly inconsequential; ex char, nearly D. cornifolia (HBK.) Macbr. but larger in all parts. His species if distinct will require (in Dunalid) a new name (not D. Weberbaueri Damm.) . Synonymy after Lawrence & Tucker, I.e. Illustrated, Bot. Reg. 31 (8) : pi. 20. F.M. Neg. 2508. Piura: In shrubs near Rio Quiros, Prov. Ayavaca, Weberbauer 6409. Ecuador. Dunalia umbellata (R. & P.) Macbr. Field Mus. Bot. 8: 109. 1930. Lycium umbellatum R. & P. Fl. Peruv. 2: 45, pi. 182b. 1799. Acnistus umbellatus (R. & P.) Miers, Hook. Lond. Journ. Bot. 4: 342. 1845. A. multiflorus Damm. Bot. Jahrb. 37: 336. 1906. Acnistus oblongifolius Rusby, Mem. Torr. Bot. Club 4: 232. 1895? Kokabus umbellatus (R. & P.) Raf. Sylva Tellur. 54. 1838. Trozelia and Pli- cula umbellata (R. & P.) Raf. I.e. and 55. Becoming a tree similar to D. solanoides but often less pubescent, the leaves glabrate above, the calyx prominently 5-toothed, the teeth acuminate and the stamens inserted at or near the middle of the tube; corolla 1.5 to scarcely 2 cm. long. Sleumer, I.e. 121, suggested this might include D. solanoides, which he thought might be referable to lochroma. Once I distinguished this on sulcate petioles and early 5-dentate calyx but the first character is doubtful and the latter is 54 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII apparently variable, the extreme in this type. Allied but distinct is D.ferruginea Sod. & Damm. Bot. Jahrb. 36: 384. 1905 (A. ferrugineus (Sod. & Damm.) Swan, Misc. Chi. Acad. Sci. 88: 7. 1951), leaves stellate-pilose above, reddish tomentose beneath, corolla 1 cm. long, filaments nearly free, anthers 1 mm. long. Miers described Mathews' specimen: petioles about 2 cm. long, leaves nearly 1 dm. long, 4- 4.5 cm. wide, pedicels 3.5 cm. long, corolla tube 14 mm. long, lobes 8 mm. long (perhaps Dunal's species) ; Weberbauer 2731 has petioles 6-10 mm. long, leaves 6-17 cm. long, 2.5-7 cm. wide, pedicels 2 cm. long, calyx 4 mm. long and broad, the uneven teeth scarcely 1 mm. long, corolla lobes 5 mm. long; filaments adnate 7 mm., free 2.5 mm., tube 15 mm. long, berry semi-included in accrescent calyx. My col- lection from a tree 7 meters tall, fruits lead color; Stork & Horton's from a 15-meter tree, yellow-green corollas with fruit early white- veined. F.M. Negs. 2499; 2493 (A. multiflorus) . Cajamarca: Llama, Soukup 4222. Chota, Stork & Horton 10048. Amazonas: Prov. of Chachapoyas, (Mathews 3244, det. Miers). Ancash: Below Ocros, Prov. Cajatambo, Weberbauer 2731 (type, A. multiflorus). Near Chiquian, Ferreyra 7386. Macara, Nunez 3239; 3242 (det. Cowan, A. oblongifolius} . Lima: Obrajillo, Ruiz & Pavdn, type. Near Matucana, Weberbauer 78. Huanuco: Cani near Mito, 3452? (fruit only). Bolivia? lochroma Warscewiczii Regel, Gartenfl. 4: 245, pi. 130. 1855. Shrub, to 5 meters tall or taller, the terete upper branches, peti- oles, peduncles (each to about 4 cm. long) and umbellate-fasciculate pendent pedicels these at least 5 cm. long, usually longer more or less glandular pilose; leaves broadly ovate, attenuate into the petiole, shortly acuminate, to 14 cm. long, about 1 dm. wide, paler and to- mentulose beneath, the nerves and veins prominent; calyx finally subglobose-inflated, 5-costate, 12-18 mm. long and broad, the 5 shortly ovate acute teeth somewhat unequal; corolla lightly curved, slightly hirtellous, dark violet-blue, the tube about 5 cm. long, 3 mm. thick, the infundibuliform-campanulate limb 2.5 cm. across or more, with 5 equal broad apiculate lobes; stamens included, filaments gla- brous except for a few minute trichomes on the upper free portion; stigma bilobulate. The similar Ecuadorian species /. grandiflorum Benth. has glabrous shorter flowers, clustered apically on angled branchlets, /. macrocalyx Benth. has hirtellous but subsessile flowers, longer calyx, and I. tubulosum Benth. has shorter corollas, limb only 1 cm. across, the white-pubescent margin nearly dentate. Revision FLORA OF PERU 55 of the group, obviously and naturally, after a hundred years is much in order. Type of Warscewicz not seen but the following seems to be his plant; he collected from the Maranon Valley to Bolivia. Cajamarca: La Tajona, Prov. Hualgayoc, Weberbauer 1002 (det. Standley, 7. grandiflorum) . Near San Miguel, Weber bauer 3910; 258. Rio Maranon, (Warscewicz, type). Dunalia Weberbaueri Damm. Bot. Jahrb. 50, Beibl. Ill: 53. 1913. Very near D. obovata (R. & P.) Damm. and D. lycioides Miers but the filaments hairy at base and their appendages much longer (6 mm. long); spines (type) 2-4 cm. long; petioles 2-7 mm. long; leaves 2-4 cm. long, 7-12 mm. wide, obtuse or acute, cuneate at base; pedicels solitary, 8-18 mm. long; calyx 4x4 mm., acute teeth 1 mm. long; corolla violet, 2 cm. long, slightly ampliate toward the plicate limb, the marginally pilosulous teeth acute; filaments 17 mm. long, adnate one-third, puberulent near base, the appendages one-third free, the anthers 2.5 mm. long; style 22 mm. long, stigma capitate. Perhaps a variant of the shrub of Ruiz and Pavon but appendages long; granules not solidified, no count (Bitter). F.M. Neg. 2526. Lima: Tambo de Viso, Weberbauer 117, type. 10. POECILOCHROMA Miers Saracha Ruiz & Pavon; compare note under that genus. Shrubs rarely spinescent with coriaceous or sometimes membra- nous (probably shade-forms) leaves and rather large solitary or fas- ciculate broadly but deeply campanulate yellowish (rarely white) more or less purple-spotted flowers; calyx campanulate, very shortly lobed, sometimes unequally 3-lobed, little if at all accrescent. Genus of convenience, the corolla in shape exactly conforming to the type of Saracha dentata Ruiz & Pavon. An interesting genus to revise, possibly with many species but probably with fewer than proposed by Miers, as the apparent differences seem to have little or no concomitance and therefore they may not indicate genetic values. The following key is expedient; using the same characters the spe- cies can be sorted also into other units or varieties on the basis of pubescence (quality, position, presence of trichomes on filaments and corolla within), size and shape of corollas, length of stamens. It is probable that heterostyly exists; the stamens may develop at 56 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII different times as in Saracha. The genus was referred to Capsicum by Kuntze; Dunal wrote P. punctatum (R. & P.) Miers. One or more species attributed to Peru by Miers were collected in Ecuador. The bizarre beauty of the flowers, sometimes recalling by their color some Fritillarias, is noteworthy (Weddell). KEY TO POECILOCHROMA Corolla glabrous to puberulent or sparsely so within; leaves at most about twice longer than wide, usually oval or elliptic-oblong. Plants espinose P. Lobbiana. Plants spinose P. spinosa. Corolla (except P. guttata} densely to loosely lanate-floccose within; leaves mostly or all about 3 times longer than wide. Corolla subglabrous within; branchlets and leaves glabrous; ovary tomentose P. guttata. Corolla closely lanate to lightly floccose within; branchlets and leaves glabrous (or nearly) as ovary. .P.frondosa, P. punctata. Poecilochroma frondosa Miers in Hook. Lond. Journ. Bot. 7: 355. 1848; 495. Saracha frondosa Miers, 111. S. Amer. PI. 2: App. 57. 1857. Branchlets subcompressed, angulate-alate, striate, densely foli- ose; petioles to 2 cm. long; leaves elliptic, attenuate both ends, to 1 dm. long, about a third as wide, submembranous, glabrous above, sparsely fulvous tomentose beneath, nerves beneath rubescent, mar- gin revolute; peduncles fasciculate, glabrous, apically incrassate, nutant, nearly 2 cm. long; calyx short, red-colored, membranous- margined, unequally and rounded-lobulate; corolla campanulate, fulvous puberulent, 5 cm. long, 2 cm. across, limb sinuately 5-angu- late, ciliate, pubescent within below as tube; filaments lightly pubes- cent with spreading long-articulate trichomes, unequal, half as long as corolla, slightly dilated at base; ovary and style glabrous. Inter- mediate to P. punctata and P. guttata (author) and points up the probable unreliability of the characters emphasized, these doubtfully established genetically. Amazonas: Chachapoyas, (Mathews, type). Poecilochroma guttata Miers in Hook. Lond. Journ. Bot. 7: 356. 1848; 495. Saracha guttata Miers, 111. S. Amer. PI. 2: App. 57. 1857. FLORA OF PERU 57 Similar to P. frondosa; petioles to 3 mm. long; leaves solitary, rarely geminate, obovate, acute or shortly acuminate, 7-10 cm. long, about 2 cm. wide, quite glabrous, fleshy coriaceous, veins not appar- ent, glossy green above, pale beneath, revolute-margined; peduncles to 2.5 cm. long; calyx lobes rounded, unequal, glabrous except tomen- tose mucro; corolla 2.5 cm. long, throat 2 cm. across, pulverulent (type), glabrous within as style and stamens, the latter equaling three-quarters of the corolla; ovary described as tomentose. Corolla white (Kanehira), glabrous as filaments and ovary. F.M. Neg. 8564. Amazonas: Chachapoyas, (MathewsllSl, type). Huanuco: Pam- payacu, Kanehira 187? Poecilochroma Lobbiana Miers in Hook. Lond. Journ. Bot. 7: 367. 1848; 496. Saracha Lobbiana Miers, 111. S. Amer. PI. 2: App. 57. 1857. Younger branches floccose (indument copper-colored), the older blackish, the branchlets divaricate; petioles 6 mm. long; leaves ellip- tic, acute both ends or obtuse, to about 4 cm. long, half as wide, revo- lute, lustrous above, pallid beneath, quite glabrous, the primary pinnate nerves impressed above, reddish and prominent beneath; peduncles 1-3, incrassate apically, somewhat shorter than leaves; calyx sometimes 5-angled, 4 mm. long, 3 mm. across, the short rounded teeth medially mucronulate; corolla finally campanulate, 2.5-3 cm. long, drying orange, pubescent only without or lightly puberulent toward base, limb sinuately 5-angled, 3 cm. across; sta- mens and slightly longer style glabrous, included, the stigma clavately bilobed. After Dunal as all descriptions here, who (or the composi- tor) wrote "P. Llobbiana Miers," the author, P. Lobbiana; in litera- ture regarding the collector (as in Muhlenbergia 7: 100) he is referred to as Lobb. P, Lindeniana Miers, Ecuadorian, has 3 unequal calyx lobes; P. maculata Miers, I.e., type by Lobb, without data, differs in leaves to about 4 cm. long, half as wide, fulvous tomentose beneath, corolla yellow, spotted, puberulent in and out (F.M. Neg. 33139). Determinations by Morton. Type (not seen) Lobb 389, "Andes of Peru." Ayacucho: Near Huanta, Killip & Smith 22186. Cuzco: Panti- calla Pass, Cook & Gilbert 1236; 1859. Poecilochroma punctata (R. & P.) Miers, in Hook. Lond. Journ. Bot. 7: 354. 1848; 495. Saracha punctata R. & P. Fl. Peruv. 2: 42, pi. 187a. 1799. Bellinia punctata (R. & P.) Roem. & Schult. 58 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII Syst. 4: 688. 1819. Atropa punctata (R. & P.) Spreng. Syst. 1: 698. 1825. P. venosa Rusby, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 4: 424. 1906? Branchlets early scurfy puberulent as leaves usually slightly be- neath (Ruiz and Pa von), glabrous in age; petioles several to 8 mm. long; leaves rarely geminate, ovate-oblong, 3-4 cm. long or longer, about a third as wide, often larger, veins many, primary nerves 7 or 8 pairs, rather prominent beneath, peduncles fasciculate, few to sev- eral, more or less nutant, incrassate apically, 2 cm. long or longer; calyx glabrous, the 5 rounded lobes only 1-3 mm. long; corolla 2 cm. long or longer, and at least as wide, broadly campanulate, the limb sinuate with more or less developed somewhat reflexed lobes, gla- brous or puberulent (rarely lanate), purplish yellow and purple blotched or spotted within; anthers oblong; filaments and ovary gla- brous. F.M. Negs. 2513 (named for Weberbauer, ined.); 23089. Sometimes becomes a small tree, 7 meters tall, the extremely bitter leaves used to alleviate pain (Ruiz and Pavon). Cajamarca: Socota to Tambillo, Stork & Horton 10179 (det. Standley). Lima: Obrajillo, (Ruiz & Pavdn). Huanuco: Northeast of Huanuco, 2201. Tambo de Vaca, 4412. Muna, Panao, Tambo Nuevo, Portachuelo, Ruiz & Pavdn, type. Carpish, Swingle 128; 3128; Ferreyra 1726; 8159 (det. Cowan); Stork & Horton 9934 Huancavelica: Huari, Nunez 2117; 10335 (det. Standley). Cuzco: Santa Ana, Weberbauer 4939 (as ined. sp.). Paso de Tres Cruces, Pennell 13860; Weberbauer 6974 (filaments glabrous, corolla lanate). Paucartambo, Vargas 2108; Balls 6774; Soukup 384; 394; 395. Lucu- mayo Valley, Cook & Gilbert 1285. Cedrobamba, 3,900 meters, Ed- mund Heller 2191. Puno: Limbani, Metcalf 30466 (det. Morton). Puno, Lechler 2080 (P. venosa, fide Rusby) . Bolivia? Poecilochroma spinosa Damm. Bot. Jahrb. 37: 637. 1906. Branchlets verruculose, spiny; petioles 1-2 mm. long; leaves in type obovate, 1-1.5 cm. long, 6-8 mm. wide, coriaceous, glabrous; pedicels solitary or geminate, 10-12 mm. long; calyx 5 mm. long, unevenly dentate; corolla yellowish, violet-nerved, puberulent with- out, pulverulent within at base, 2-2.5 cm. long, teeth scarcely 2 mm. long; anthers oval; filaments 19 mm. long, glabrous as ovary and style, this 23 mm. long, stigma 1.5 mm. long. Weberbauer 6730, locality unknown, has membranous sparsely hispidulous leaves, 3- 4 cm. long; type described as erect or scandent, 2 meters tall, in river shrubs. Seems nearly P. Lindeniana Miers, 496, of Ecuador or even FLORA OF PERU 59 more similar to P. Lobbiana Miers and may be a spinescent state. F.M. Neg. 2512. La Libertad: Prov. de Bolivar, Ferreyra 1254- Toward Angas- marca, West 8162. Ancash: Prov. Huari, 3,600 meters, Weberbauer 2907, type; 7014- Ayacucho: Above Quinua, Prov. Huamanga, Weberbauer 5542. 11. SALPICHROA Miers Busbeckia Mart. Cat. Hort. Monac. 69. 1829. Shrubs or small lianas with ovate or ovate-cordate or rarely lan- ceolate, opposite, geminate, seldom ternate leaves, and (in Peru at least) usually elongate-tubular or narrowly funnelform solitary (or loosely corymbed?) greenish- or brownish-yellow or yellow flowers. Calyx deeply 5-parted, the lobes narrow, little or not accrescent. Stamens (typically) inserted about the middle of the corolla-tube, filaments straight, glabrous, anthers narrow; style filiform, erect, stigma subcapitate; ovary free of fleshy disk, 2-celled as berry; ber- ries free, typically scarlet or red, in some species greenish-white; seeds of original species compressed, rugulose, hispidulous. When a re- vision is made the shape of corolla lobes, length of filaments and other characters may be found significant; it is not clear that degree of pubescence and vegetative differences that have been used as spe- cific indicators are reliable criteria; indeed, it is my impression that only about half the names I have had to try to contrast in the key will be found to represent genetic entities. See Juanulloa microphylla Dunal, with habit and foliage aspect of this group, also S. breviflora, S. cuspidata, doubtfully this genus. Miers, in Hook. Lond. Journ. Bot. 7: 353. 1848, altered the name to Salpichroma. The fruits of a Paraguayan species are white and sold in the mar- kets as "cocks' eggs." KEY TO SALPICHROA Calyx 2.5-3 cm. long; corolla 7-13 cm. long. Corolla longer than 1 dm.; calyx 5-parted, segments linear. S. Didieranum. Corolla 7-8 cm. long; calyx segments and tube subequal. S. dependens. Calyx about 0.5-2 cm. long; corolla 1-5 cm. long. Calyx lobes subulate-linear, about 1 cm. long or longer; corolla finally 2.2-5 cm. long. 60 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII Indument eglandular. Calyx more or less hirsutulous as usually foliage (somewhat) ; anthers visible; corolla funnelform S. hirsuta. Calyx as leaves puberulent; anthers not visible; corolla tu- bular S. Weberbaueri, S. ramosissima. Indument glandular at least in part; anthers often visible; corolla subtubular S. glandulosa. Calyx lobes 7 mm. long or shorter; corolla at most 2 cm. long. Corolla 12-15 (20) mm. long; calyx parted nearly to base. Corolla dilated or evenly ampliate; pubescence obvious. Indument (ex char.) not glandular. Calyx lobes more or less hirsutulous, 5-6 mm. long; lobes oblong-oval. Plants fragile, lightly pubescent S. dilatata. Shrub, more or less grayish pubescent S. diffusa. Calyx, as lanceolate corolla lobes, puberulent, both at most 4 mm. long S. Gayi. Indument granular-glandular S. tristis. Corolla constricted at throat; pubescence essentially lacking. S. uncu. Corolla 8-9 mm. long, glabrous as obvious calyx tube. S. micrantha. Salpichroa dependens (Hook.) Miers in Hook. Lond. Journ. Bot. 4: 325. 1845; 472. Atropa dependens Hook. I.e. pi 107. 1837. Juanulloa microphylla Dunal in DC. Prodr. 13, pt. 1: 531. 1852. Shrubby stems pendent; leaves geminate, cordate- ovate, shortly petioled, nearly glabrous but more or less viscid, pale beneath; calyx tubular, finely pubescent, obscurely viscid, 5-parted, finally somewhat enlarged and splitting in fruit; corolla long-tubular, sta- mens and style well-exserted. This is the original description, not modified by Miers; corolla truly funnelform and more than 2.2 cm. long, according to Jaubert; plate shows leaves rounded or weakly cordate, petioles 7-9 mm. long, blades 2.5 X 1.5 cm., pedicels 8-12 mm. long, corolla tube to lobes (throat little ampliate) 6 cm. long, 1 cm. wide above, lobes ovate-lanceolate, erect or suberect, 12 mm. long, anthers exserted, exceeded by style, this 8 cm. long; calyx 2.5 cm. long to 3.2 cm. long in fruit which is as long, 1.5 cm. thick, cleft 1 side in flower, widely so in fruit. A slender very branching FLORA OF PERU 61 plant, generally growing from the root of some tall shrub among whose branches it rambles for support, extending from 3 to 5 meters, its ultimate pendent extremities covered with large sulphur-colored flowers (collector). It was collected on the eastern side of the Cordillera, above potato cultivation. Type, Mathews 829, without data. Lima: Pariahuanca, 3,400 meters, Weberbauer 6596 (distr. as S. glandulosa). Huanuco: Tambo de Vaca, 4419. Huancavelica: Sal- cabamba, Stork & Horton 10382 (det. Standley, S. glandulosa). Ayacucho: Near Huanta, 3,200 meters, Weberbauer 7515. Salpichroa Didieranum Jaubert, Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. 8: 117. 1861. A low (2 meters) liana (stem 2 cm. thick near base) with alternate (uppermost subopposite) lanceolate subscabrous leaves and yellow long-funnelform nutant flowers, 12-13 cm. long; leaves subrounded at base, acute, nervose; pedicels short, pubescent; calyx segments linear, ciliate, 2.5 cm. long; corolla lobes acute, marginally floccose; anthers hastate; style enlarged to the claviform stigma; capsule conical, subequaling calyx; seeds reniform. Related to S. dependens (Hook.) Miers and S. glandulosa (Hook.) Miers. Commemorates MM. Ernest and Alfred Grandidier, who, during 1857 and later, toured the American continents, studying natural science. Cuzco: Ravine near Mollepata pass, road from Lima to Cuzco, Prov. of Anta, 4,400 meters, (Grandidier freres) . Salpichroa diffusa Miers in Hook. Lond. Journ. Bot. 7: 335. 1848; 473. S. foetida Damm. Bot. Jahrb. 37: 639. 1906, as to Peru, probably. Flexuose and often divaricately much-branched shrub, the branches alate; leaves geminate, ovate, obtuse at base, subacute, both sides hirsutulous, floccose-margined, about 18 mm. long, 10-14 mm. wide; petioles 8 mm. long; calyx as peduncle 6 mm. long, lobes sublinear, hirsute; corolla yellowish-pubescent, funnelform, tube 12 mm. long, limb 4 mm. long, the oblong lobes reflexed, ciliate; stamens and style included. According to Raimondi the very aromatic fruits are used in helados. S. foetida Damm. of southern Bolivia has corolla only 1 cm. long; S. Mandoniana Wedd. Chloris And. 2: 98. 1857, from Socota, Bolivia, ex char, has softly pubescent branches, finely pubescent leaves, exceeded by peduncle, this longer than the 62 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII 2 cm. long flower (corolla 16-18 mm. long, glabrous), calyx less than half as long. Some or all of the Peruvian specimens of S. diffusa Miers (type from Bogota by Goudot but the Maclean specimen (from Peru?) cited by author as the same), may rather be referable to S. Mandoniana. Illustrated, Miers, 111. S. Am. PI. pi. 28c. Lima: Near Matucana, Weberbauer 186; 169. Ayacucho: Huan- ta, Raimondi. Arequipa: Above Chuquibamba, Weberbauer 6848. Cachendo, (Guenther & Buchtien 89, det. Bruns, S. foetida). Mol- lendo, Weberbauer 1511; 147. Nevada de Chachani, Pennell 13266 (det. Johnston). Puno: Azangaro, Weberbauer 1+67; 185. Without locality, (Maclean). Ecuador; Colombia. "Pepinillo." Salpichroa dilatata Damm. Bot. Jahrb. 37: 639. 1906. A diffuse subglabrate fragile shrub with angulate branchlets; petioles 7-9 mm. long; leaves truncate at base, sparsely pilose both sides, mostly 1.5-2 cm. long, 10-13 mm. wide; pedicels 2-4 mm. long; linear calyx-lobes slightly hirsute-pilose (to glabrous), 5 mm. long; greenish corolla elongate-urceolate, the tube 1.5 cm. long, 4 mm. wide, the oval lobes 3 mm. long; filaments dilated, 2 mm. long, 1 mm. wide, anthers 3 mm. long; style 1 cm. long, stigma capitate; berry (immature) ovoid, acute, 12 mm. long, 5 mm. thick. F.M. Neg. 2940. La Libertad: Prov. Otusco, Lopez 1025. Ancash: Near Ocros, Weberbauer 2679, type. Ayacucho: Near Ayacucho, Stork & Norton 10804. (det. Standley) ; Soukup 4022. "Cuytulumo" (Lopez). Salpichroa Gayi Benoist, Bull. Soc. Bot. France 85: 54. 1938. Scandent, the younger branches pubescent, the older with one side alate; petioles puberulent, 7-9 mm. long; leaves geminate, nearly equal, oblong or oblong-triangular, obtuse or subcordate at base, 14-16 mm. long, 10-12 mm. wide, sparsely and shortly pilose above, pubescent below, 4-5 secondary nerves each side, the 2 lower originating from base; flowering pedicels 3-4 mm. long; sepals free nearly to base, linear, acute, 4 mm. long; corolla minutely puberulent, 12 mm. long, lobes long-lanceolate, 4 mm. long, tube little inflated in upper half; stamens inserted in upper fourth of tube, filaments one-quarter as long as anthers, these 2 mm. long, attaining throat; ovary and style glabrous. Type, Gay 2308 (not seen), without data in Herb. Paris. Cuzco: Prov. Acomayo, near Mayu Huillca, 2,900 meters, Vargas 255? FLORA OF PERU 63 Salpichroa glandulosa (Hook.) Miers in Hook. Lond. Journ. Bot. 4: 325. 1845; 472. Atropa glandulosa Hook. Bot. Misc. 2: 230. 1831. A low spreading much-branched glandular-pubescent shrub at most 1 meter tall with geminate strongly cordate to subcordate (type) leaves and greenish-yellow tubular flowers 3.5-5 cm. long (not including lobes); leaves in dry seasons about 6 mm. long and wide but mostly 1-2 (3.5) cm. long, 8-10 (20) mm. wide; petioles narrow, 6-8 (15) mm. long; pedicels filiform, 6-8 mm. long (type), apically nutant; calyx lobes sublinear, glandular-hirsute, 8-12 (15) mm. long; corolla throat 1 (1.5) cm. across, lobes ovate, reflexing, 8 mm. long; stamens finally slightly exserted, exceeded by slender style; berry greenish- white, glaucous, nearly 3 cm. long and 1.5 cm. thick. The larger figures are derived from the plate illustrating Mathews' specimens. The var. longiflora Dunal (type, Pavon, with- out data, not Mexico as given) has petioles 8-10 mm. long, leaves 2.5-3 cm. long, 8-9 mm. wide, peduncle as calyx 12 mm. long, corolla 4.5 cm. long, limb 1.5 cm. across, the ovate lobes floccose- margined. Perhaps a more or less glandular state that should be drawn to include the similar forms that are obscurely or not at all glandular. Illustrated, Hooker, Icon. pi. 106. La Libertad: Huamachuco, West 8127 (det. Johnston, S. Weber- baueri). Lima: Banos, Wilkes Exped. Near Casapalca, Ferreyra 6540 (det. Cowan). Rio Blanco, sprawling under great rocks, 3050. Obrajillo, valley of Canta, (Cruckshanks, type). Junin: Comas, Weberbauer 6603. Near Huancayo, Stork 10932; Killip & Smith 22073; Soukup 3688. Vicinity of Cerro de Pasco, (Mathews) Cuzco: Paucartambo, Herrera. Salpichroa hirsuta (Meyen) Miers in Hook. Lond. Journ. Bot. 4: 325. 1845 and 7: 334. 1848; 472. Atropa hirsuta Meyen, Reise 1: 466. 1834. A subhirsute diffuse but probably much-branched shrub with geminate (or fasciculate on shoots) ovate leaves obtuse at base, unequally acute at tip, to 5 cm. long, nearly 2 cm. wide, petioles subfiliform, to 3 cm. long; calyx 8 mm. long, the hirsute lobes linear- subulate; corolla finely pilose, funnelform above, the slender tube 3 cm. long, the ovate lobes 3 mm. long, reflexed; stamen tips and style exserted; fruit about 1.5 cm. long, 8 mm. thick. Mostly after Nees v. Esenbeck; specimen (a single branchlet) named by Meyen, 64 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII described by Miers, had leaves 18 mm. long, 12 mm. wide, peduncles 16 mm. long. Apurimac: Andahuaylas, West 8719 (det. Johnston, S. glandulosa) . Cuzco: Marcapata, Vargas 3752. Puno: Near Puno, Vargas 1274,' Soukup 88. Granja Salcedo, Mexia 7779 (det. Johnston). Near Pisacoma, about 5,000 meters, Meyen, type. Bolivia; to Colombia? Salpichroa micrantha Benoist, Bull. Soc. Bot. France 85: 55. 1938. Ex char, similar to S. Gayi but branches soon glabrous; petioles 11-12 mm. long; leaves ovate, triangular, obtuse or often lightly cordate at base, slightly inequilateral, obtuse, 15-17 mm. long, 11-14 mm. wide, glabrous both sides; flower pedicels 2-2.5 mm. long, glabrous (or nearly) as calyx, this 4 mm. long, sepals connate for lower third, the free part triangular lanceolate, acute; corolla glabrous, 8-9 mm. long, tube little narrowed below the middle, lobes 1.5 mm. long; anthers subsessile, 2 mm. long, in apex of throat. Type (Paris) Gay 1973, without locality, not seen. Cuzco: Yucay, Soukup 750. Salpichroa ramosissima [Mathews] Miers in Hook. Lond. Journ. Bot. 4: 326. 1845. A shrub with quadrate nodose branches (the branchlets pu- bescent) and geminate or ternate nearly glabrous elliptic-oblong subacuminate leaves, rounded at base but decurrent into slender petiole 12 mm. long; leaves submembranous, ciliate, in type to about 4 cm. long, 1.5-2 cm. wide; calyx lobes sublinear, slightly pilose; corolla tubular, contracted at throat, the subacute reflexed lobes marginally velutinous; berry red, oval, 2 cm. long, 12 mm. thick, the seeds hirsute. Length of calyx and corolla in type not given but latter probably not more than 2-4 cm. long; name in herbaria by Mathews; very distinct, fide Miers, in form of leaves and corolla contracted in the throat (where usually widened). It seems doubtful that the contracted corolla throat and the narrow leaves are sig- nificant in comparison with S. Weberbaueri. Lima: Puruchucu, (Mathews 1053, type). Salpichroa tristis Miers in Hook. Lond. Journ. Bot. 7: 335. 1848. Type a small depressed shrub with short (to 2.5 cm. long) slender tortuous nodose branchlets, geminate glandular-pubescent obovate leaves less than 6 mm. long, at least half as wide, and glabrous FLORA OF PERU 65 nutant flowers about 1 cm. long; petioles 3 mm. long, compressed; calyx equally 5-parted, the lobes narrowly subulate, 4 mm. long; corolla tube 1 cm. long, 3 mm. thick, the short triangular lobes reflexed; stamens and style included from middle of tube; style slightly deflexed, incrassate apically, stigma concave; ovary disk fleshy. Leaves when dry are black; branches gray, dotted. Type (Herb. Hooker) from Quito; cited next, Maclean, Peru Andes. In Peru at least leaves in wet season are larger. S. alata Damm., Meded. Rijks. Herb. 29: 26. 1916, of Bolivia might be sought here because of small flowers but the indument is glandular-pilose and the branchlets 1-3-alate. Ancash: In rocks near Huaraz, Weberbauer 2970; 225. Apurimac: Saxaihuaman, Ferreyra 2630; 2652 (det. Cowan, with query). Cuzco: Calca, Vargas 157. Puno: Near Puno, Soukup 44-5- Without locality, (Maclean). Bolivia; Ecuador. Salpichroa uncu [Dombey] Benoist, Bull. Soc. Bot. France 85: 55. 1938. Sarmentose, type quite glabrous, the older branches not alate; petioles 10-14 mm. long; leaves ovate-lanceolate, obtuse or subcor- date at base, often unequal, subacute, 22-32 mm. long, 14-20 mm. wide, the lateral nerves often near base, the 2 lower from base; ped- icels 4 mm. long, calyx 7 mm. long, free nearly to base, sublinear, attenuate to acute tip; corolla 16 mm. long, upper half distinctly ampliate, at throat moderately and gradually constricted, lobes lan- ceolate-triangular from broad base, obtuse, 2 mm. long, style inserted in upper fifth of tube; filaments nearly as long as anthers, these 2 mm. long, attaining apex of throat, oblong, clearly attenuate; fruit bac- cate. Benoist, I.e. 53-55, described two species from Ecuador, one from Colombia and one, S. sarmentosa, I.e. 55, from La Paz, Bolivia, Mandon 436, type. This is the most likely to occur in Peru; petioles 6-8 mm. long, leaves 1.5-2.5 cm. long, 12-24 mm. wide; pedicels 2-4, calyx 8, lobes 3, anthers 2 mm. long; branchlets alate, pubescent as pedicels, the leaves both sides and the sepals, these sublinear; corolla puberulent, distinctly ampliate; anthers oblong, affixed at apex of throat. Ancash: Tallenga, Ferreyra 7485 (det. Cowan, S. diffusd). Lima: Acotama, Dombey, type. Matucana, 2945. Rio Blanco, 3041 Ayacucho: Above Puquio, Ferreyra 5512; 7209 (det. Cowan, S. diffusa). Near Chavina, Weberbauer 5785 (det. S. diffusa, Herb. Dahlem). Ecuador. 66 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII Salpichroa Weberbaueri Damm. Bot. Jahrb. 37: 640. 1906. S. diffusa Miers var. longiflora Hicken, Ap. Hist. Nat. Buenos Aires 1 : 175. 1913. Shrub with scandent minutely puberulent branches and ovate- cordate rather densely puberulent leaves, 1.5-3 cm. long, nearly as wide; pedicels 8 mm. long, puberulent; calyx lobes slightly pilose, 1 cm. long; corolla yellow, tubular-funnelform, 3.5 cm. long in- cluding the 3 mm. long ovate-acuminate lobes; filaments 1 mm. long, anthers 3 mm. long, style 3 cm. long. Ancash: Near Ocros, Weberbauer 2693. Huari, Weberbauer 2936. Huancavelica: Pana, Tovar 207 (det. Cowan, S. diffusa). Cuzco: In fences toward Acomayo, Vargas 4753 (det. Standley). Sicuani, Cook & Gilbert 92; (Hicken, type, var.). Arequipa: Chachani, Pen- nell 3266. "Quitung-quitung," "nuno-nuno" (both, Cook & Gilbert) . 12. JABOROSA Juss. Dorystigma Miers in Hook. Lond. Journ. Bot. 4: 347. 1845. Lonchestigma Dunal in DC. Prodr. 13, pt. 1: 476. 1852. Prostrate and creeping or rosette herbs with subentire or irregu- larly pinnatifid leaves and pediceled axillary funnelform or long tubu- lar-funnelform yellow, blue or white flowers. Calyx campanulate, 5-lobed, little or not at all enlarged in fruit. Stamens attached above the middle of the tube, sessile or filaments free; stigma narrowly 2- 5-lobed (type), clavate or broad and acute. The segregate genus apparently was meant as a subgenus on the basis of the stigma character. Jaborosa crispa (Miers) Hook, ex Wetts. Natur. Pflanzenf. 4, pt. 3b: 26. 1895. Dorystigma crispa Miers in Hook. Lond. Journ. Bot. 7: 333. 1848. Lonchestigma crispum (Miers) Dunal in DC. Prodr. 13, pt. 1:477.1852. A glabrous or sparsely crisply pubescent cespitose plant with short prostrate or ascending stems; leaves subfasciculate, pinnately laciniate, the divisions shortly mucronate and sinuately dentate, about 6 cm. long and 2 cm. wide, decurrent into a petiole 2 cm. long or longer; peduncles 1 cm. long, bracts small, subulate; calyx as corolla white, 12-15 mm. long, glabrous without except for a few crisp trichomes, the throat woolly within; style shorter than the subexserted stamens; berry to 3 cm. in diameter. J. caulescens Hook., 476, Bot. Misc. 1: 347, pi. 71. 1830, of Chile has more deeply FLORA OF PERU 67 toothed leaf -lobes, much longer pedicels; however, there seem to be several closely allied species or variants as J. leiocalyx Damm., just south of Lake Titicaca, with bright blue corolla, cordate, bilobed stigma. Illustrated, Wedd. Chloris And. 2: 101, pi 57. 1857. Arequipa: Vincocaya, Pennell 13346. Puno: Pomata, Shepard 33 (det. B. L. Robinson). Arid punas, 3,900-4,000 meters, (Weddell). Tacna: Volcan Tacora mountains, Werdermann 1158. Bolivia. 13. WITHERINGIA I/Her. Ligneous, the leaves alternate or geminate, entire, the 4- or 5- merous flowers geminate or umbellate, the 1-flowered peduncles lateral, extra-axillary. Calyx dentate or parted. Corolla rotate- campanulate, parted, subvillous at filament attachment. Stamens exserted, anther dehiscence longitudinal. Style filiform, stigma capi- tate. Longitudinally dehiscent anthers, lobed calyx not accrescent, and rotate corolla have been accepted as the diagnostic characters of the group; cf. Capsicum. Witheringia microphylla Griseb. in Lechler, Bert. Ann. Austr. 58. 1857. Glabrous except axillary fasciculate blooms and early an obscure puberulence on branchlet tips; leaves approximate, subsessile, oblong- lanceolate, to 2 cm. long, 7 mm. wide, often smaller, lustrous; ped- icels 8-10 mm. long, subangulate, with a cupulate collar at base; calyx 1.5 mm. long, 3 mm. across, the lobes rounded, not at all ac- crescent but irregularly cleft in fruit; corolla 7 mm. long, at least as broad across the top, the broadly rounded lobes about 4 mm. long, 3 mm. wide; berries black, to 1 cm. in diameter. A shrub about 1.5 meters tall, with fleshy coriaceous subimbricate leaves, the purplish corollas fulvous tomentulose. Determinations by Standley. F.M. Neg. 2542. Apurimac: In rocks and humus, Marcapata, 4,100 meters, Var- gas 1361; 9716. Cuzco: Marcachea, Vargas 11178. Puno: Macu- sani, Lechler 2645, type. 14. CAPSICUM [Tourn.] L. Bassovia Aubl. PI. Guiana 1: 227, pi. 85. 1775, in part; Witheringia in litt. vix L'Her. Sert. Ang. 1 : 33, pi. 1 . 1788? 402. Brachistus Miers, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 3, 2: 264. 1849; 682. Fregirardia Dunal, 68 FIELD MUSEUM OP NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII I.e. 502; 688. Aureliana Sendt. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 6: 138. 1846, fide Bitter. Reference: Dunal in DC. Prodr. 13, pt. 1: 402-429, 1852, incl. synonyms, these at least as to Peru. Simulates many species of Solatium vegetatively but the anthers dehiscent longitudinally; leaves often geminate, one smaller; calyx truncate and entire or with 5 (rarely 10) more or less developed mar- ginal teeth, little or not accrescent. Flowers always solitary on axil- lary or subaxillary pedicels, these one to many. Heiser and Smith, Brittonia 10: 194. 1958, quote Morton who said (in Standley's "Flora of Costa Rica," 1938) that the genus should include those species with free glabrous filaments and a shiny pungent berry, while Standley suggested omitting those with soft pulp-filled, non-pungent berries; this was concurred in by Heiser and Smith. The generic names cited above as synonyms may not apply except as regards Peruvian plants referred to them; and these, for convenience, are included here, yet it seems probable that one generic name will be found to express their basic unity. Apparently a good example of the futility of maintaining Brachistus distinct (from Capsicum} is found in Witasek, Bot. Exped. Sudbrazil Wien. 9. 1910; her illustrations of the species Bassovia Wettsteiniana, C. ramosissima, and C. recurvatum point up the confusion resulting from the generic definition of plants probably all belonging to one group, that is, Capsicum. Simulation to Solanum, section Lycianthus, is sometimes nearly exact except for anther dehiscence; C. lycianthoides Bitter is one example, but the slender calyx teeth are quite marginal. A. T. Hunziker, Darwiniana 9: 225-247. 1950, gave a careful account with notable etchings by Alfredo E. Cocucci of the species of Paraguay and Argentina; he restricted the genus to the interpreta- tion of Bentham and Hooker and Wettstein, indicating later judg- ment on the inclusion of Bassovia Aublet, Brachistus and Poecilo- chroma Miers as by Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 447. 1891, or Bassovia in part as subgenus Aureliana (Sendt.) Bitter, Repert. Sp. Nov. 17: 331. 1921. Whatever the ultimate definition of these groups calyx and corolla doubtfully exhibit significant characters: as constituted, Sick- lera Sendt., Flora 178. 1846, has funnelform corolla, limb deeply parted, calyx truncate, apparently also setaceous; Brachistus, subro- tate corolla, limb 4-5-parted, calyx 5-lobed (type) or entire; Aureliana, limb 5-parted, calyx 5-lobed; Decamerus, corolla rotate-campanulate, calyx with 5-10 setae; obviously these characters, if salient by them- FLORA OF PERU 69 selves, must result in the division of Solanum L. into several groups. Of course, they may have at least sometimes supporting elements. Charles B. Heiser, Jr., and Paul G. Smith, Amer. Journ. Nat. 38: 362-368. 1951, reviewed the genetics of the cultivated species; basic chromosome number is 12 (Darlington & Yanaki, Chromosome Atlas Cultiv. Pis. 1945); diploid number for C. pubescens Ruiz & Pavon is 24 (Heiser & Smith); for an interesting and informative account of the cultivated Capsicum peppers by the latter students see Eco- nomic Botany 7: 214-227. 1953, with an extensive bibliography; their apparently correct taxonomic conclusions indicate the futility of proposing new species in other groups, even in Solanum, without genetic understanding of at least some obviously distinct entity. Ruiz and Pavon noted both C. frutescens L. and their C. pubescens, "arnacucho" and "iocotto," as very abundant; prehistoric peppers have been found in the burial sites of Ancon and Huaca Prieta; Herrera recorded several cultivated varieties (C. pubescens) in Cuzco. Pungent (Chile) peppers spread widely in Europe only after Colum- bus, who, according to Peter Martyns, writing in 1493, brought home a pepper more pungent than that from the Caucasus. Paprika (bland), cayenne (pungent) and chili are all the dried ground fruit of Capsicum; chili powdered is ordinarily a mixture of pungent pep- per with other flavorings as oregano, garlic and salt. The tasty appetizer, the hot sauce or "aji" "rojo" or "amarillo," the latter milder, sweeter (any pungent pepper moistened usually with oil and vinegar), so popular in Peru especially with the flavorful locally grown "papas," is one of several of these condiments. Herrera re- corded native names probably referable to more than one cultivated species: "Marati," "chinchi-ucho" (both Valle de Santa Ana); "qui- ton-quiton" (Marcapata); "piris" (in all valleys); "ccascca-pupu," "sempiri" (Urubamba). KEY TO CAPSICUM (after Heiser and Smith as to cultivated species) Calyx teeth 10, unequal (C. brachypodum) , C. Eggersii. Calyx teeth 5 (rarely 7) or lacking, rarely unequal. Flowers many in axillary fascicles, 4-5-merous. Leaves glabrate C. macrophyllum. Leaves canescent pilose C. molle. Flowers solitary, geminate or few. 70 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII Pedicels filiform, 2-2.5 cm. long; flowers hirtellous C. molle. Pedicels shorter or at least flowers glabrous unless lobes mar- ginally. Leaves rather ovate; pedicels in any case usually short. Calyx dentate, the teeth 1 mm. long or longer, erect; leaves beneath, pedicel, calyx somewhat pubescent. Corolla small, glabrous, on 3-8 pedicels 10-20 mm. long. C. mendax. Corolla 1.5-2 cm. long, villous, the 1-2 pedicels 2-3 cm. long C. pendulum. Calyx truncate, rarely 5-protuberant, or teeth to only 0.5 mm. long or recurved; plants glabrous or more or less pubescent. Corolla lobes purple; seeds black; leaves rather rugose- nerved C. pubescens. Corolla lobes as seeds pallid, the former rarely purple; leaves plane. Corolla throat as anthers rather yellow or tan; berry red C. pendulum. Corolla yellow all over; berry green C. Haughtii. Corolla uniformly colored; anthers usually bluish or purple. Corolla greenish-white or -yellow; pedicels usually 2-5. Pedicels stout, usually declinate; corolla lobes sub- erect C. sinensis. Pedicels slender, erect; corolla lobes spreading. C. frutescens. Corolla clear or sordid white, rarely purple; pedicels solitary (typical) C. annuum. Leaves lanceolate, attenuate both ends; pedicels to 2 cm. long. C. lanceaefolium. Capsicum annuum L. Sp. PI. 1: 270. 1753; 412. Similar to C. frutescens but pedicels rarely two, ordinarily only 1 fruit developing at a node and corolla not tinted, rarely purple; fruit nearly always larger. Perhaps not found in Peru, collections referred to it apparently rather C. frutescens L., most commonly FLORA OF PERU 71 cultivated in northern areas. Illustrated, Heiser & Smith, Economic Bot. 7: 223 (fruits); also Irish, Rep. Mo. Bot. Gard. 9 (many plates hort. vars.). Peru (cf. note above). Domesticated species. Capsicum Eggersii Bitter, Repert. Sp. Nov. 18: 126. 1922. A very leafy sparsely pubescent shrub a meter or two high with small brownish-yellow flowers borne on slender peduncles 1-1.5 cm. long; petioles 3-5 mm. long; leaves obliquely oblong to lanceolate, cuneate to base, acutely acuminate, 4.5-8 cm. long, 1.5-3.5 cm. wide, membranous, glabrate, lateral nerves 6-7; calyx 7 mm. long, the 10 unequal setaceous teeth subglabrous, 4 and 5 mm. long; corolla cam- panulate-rotate, about 6 mm. long, the ovate lobes 3 mm. long; fila- ments 1.5 mm. long, anthers emarginate, 1-1.3 mm. long, stigma bilobed. Leaves thin, tapering into the broadly winged scarcely distinct petiole. Related to C. brachypodum (Dunal) Ktze., Rev. Gen. 2: 450. 1891, of Ecuador (type from Guayaquil); it has ped- icels only 2-6 mm. long, calyx 4-4.5 mm. long, the 10 linear subulate teeth 3-3.5 and 2 mm. long, corolla 7-7.5 mm. long, filaments 2 mm. long, anthers cordate, 0.8 mm. long, leaves rather densely pubescent with many-celled trichomes (Bitter, I.e. 17: 333. 1921). C. lycian- thoides Bitter, I.e. 332, has leaves oblique at base, petioles to 1 cm. long, pedicels 8 or 9 mm. long, calyx 2 mm. long, teeth 5, glabrate, linear-subulate, 4-5 mm. long. S. chacoense Hunziker, Darwiniana 9: 228. 1950, has very unequal calyx teeth, 0.5-1.5 mm. long. Tumbez : Hacienda La Choza, Prov. of Tumbes, Weberbauer 7684- Ecuador. Capsicum frutescens L. Sp. PI. 189. 1753; 413. Glabrous or slightly pubescent; leaves solitary or geminate, ovate, acuminate, often a dm. or so long, 3-4 cm. wide; pedicels usually 2-5, erect in fruit, somewhat incrassate above, 1.5 cm. long or often longer; calyx costate, cyathiform, in fruit suburceolate, teeth reduced; co- rolla white, whitish or yellowish, the lanceolate acute lobes widely spreading; anthers blue- violet, longer than filaments; fruit oblong- ovoid, reddish, smooth, lustrous, 2-celled, the calyx appressed; seeds glabrous, smooth, reniform. More common in the southern hemi- sphere than C. annuum L. (Heiser & Smith). Calyx 5-pointed or subdentate, the teeth at most 0.5 mm. long; the common form is var. baccatum (L.) Irish, Rep. Mo. Bot. Gard. 9: 99. 1898. 72 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII San Martin: Tarapoto, Woytkowski 85161. Juanjui, Klug 4248 (det. Standley). Huanuco: Near Huanuco, Stork & Horton 9462; 9463 (det. P. G. Smith). Pozuzo, Ruiz & Pavdn. Tingo Maria, Ferreyra 922. Loreto: Palta-cocha, upper Rio Nanay, Williams 1270 (det. P. G. Smith). Domesticated species. "Arnaucho" (Ruiz & Pavon). Capsicum Haughtii (Svenson) Macbr., comb. nov. Brachistus Haughtii Svenson, Amer. Journ. Bot. 33: 480, pi. 19, fig. 2. 1946. Type a small shrub (5 dm. tall), the terete or subangulate branches with gray or reddish bark, the strict branchlets yellowish pubescent as the leaf -nerves on both surfaces; leaves alternate or on short branchlets, congested, ovate, entire, 1-2.5 cm. long, 4-9 mm. wide, acute or obtuse, attenuate at base sometimes into petiole 2 mm. long; peduncles axillary, solitary; calyx pubescent, slightly 5-angled, 3-4 mm. broad, with 5 minute recurved teeth below the margin angles; corolla rotate, plicate, yellow, 1 cm. across, the limb 5-den- tate; stamens included; style stout, stigma capitate; berry globose, 1-5 mm. in diameter, green, the 7 seeds brownish-yellow. After author, who suggests that relationship is with B. Hookeriana Miers, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 2, 3: 262. 1849, of Guayaquil with much larger leaves; the plate, opposite page 485, shows ellipsoid anthers, presumably dehiscent longitudinally. Piura: Forming little thickets on grassy summit of Cerro Prieto, Amotape Hills, (Haught & Svenson 11621, type, Brooklyn Bot. Gard.). Capsicum lanceaefolium (Miers) Ktze. Rev. Gen. 2: 449. 1891; 689. Brachistus? lanceaefolius Miers, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 3, 2: 267. 1849. A shrub with rusty-tomentose branches, dichotomous, divaricate flexuous subherbaceous branchlets, petioles 8-10 mm. long, lanceolate leaves acuminate at both ends, fulvous puberulent especially beneath, 7-9 cm. long, 2.5-3.5 cm. wide; petioles 8-12 mm. long; pedicels 18 mm. long, solitary or 3-4-fasciculate, axillary, 1-flowered; calyx urceolate, subentire, 16 mm. across, angled, pilose, with 5 minute teeth; corolla rotate, nearly 2 cm. wide, the acuminate lobes floccose on the margins; stamens included, erect, glabrous; style incrassate, stigma capitate-bilobed. Locality given as "Vita," probably an error; may not be a Capsicum but apparently, ex char, and from drawing, Miers, 111. S. Amer. PI. 2: pi. 36. Junin: Vitoc, (Maclean). Ecuador. FLORA OF PERU 73 Capsicum macrophyllum (HBK.) Standley, Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci. 17: 16. 1927; 402. Witheringia macrophylla HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 3: 13. 1818. Brachistus macrophyllus (HBK.) Miers, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 3, 2: 263. 1849. C. solanaceum (L'He"r.) Ktze. var. macrophyllum (HBK.) Ktze. Rev. Gen. 2: 450. 1897; var. pubescens Ktze. I.e. A tall coarse more or less pubescent herb or ligneous below, the upper geminate leaves with many slender unequal pedicels, 12 (20) mm. long, in their axils; petioles often very narrow, 2-3 cm. long; leaves to 2 dm. long, 7-10 cm. wide, the smaller of each pair half as large, all glabrate or early pilosulous, membranous or firm, sub- lustrous above, nervose and paler beneath; calyx short, urceolate, 4-dentate; corolla subcampanulate, a few mm. long and wide, the lanceolate acute lobes spreading; stamens 4, inserted in throat, sub- exserted, anthers yellowish, ovate, filaments villous; berry red, spher- ical, about 6 mm. thick, seeds granulose. "B. tetrandrus (Br. & Bouch4) B. & H." for Ule 6242 fide Dammer is a name not found by me. C. solanaceum (L'He*r.) Ktze. has much larger flowers. San Martin: San Roque, Williams 7808. Huanuco: North of Tingo Maria, Stork & Horton 9566. Pampayacu, 5032. Cayumba, Ferreyra 6740. Junin: Near La Merced, 5803. Loreto: Iquitos, Ule 6242 (det. Dammer, B. tetrandrus}. Rio Mazan, Jose Schunke 69 (det. Standley). La Victoria, Williams 2762. Nanay, Williams 327. Bolivia to Panama and Venezuela. "Toe-mullaca" (Williams). Capsicum mendax (van Heurck & M. Arg.) Macbr. Candollea 5: 402. 1934. Solanum mendax van Heurck & M. Arg. in van Heurck Obs. Bot. 61. 1870. Branchlets, leaves beneath and calyces rather densely short pi- lose; leaves ovate, cuneate to base, rounded to acute tip, 2-3 cm. long, about 1.5 cm. wide, lightly crisp-pubescent above; flowers in fascicles of 3-8; pedicels 10-12 mm. long, slender; calyx campan- ulate, the tube about 1.5 mm. high, the 5 oblong-subulate teeth a third as long, not accrescent in fruit; corolla glabrous, 4 mm. long, about as wide, that is, campanulate, rounded-lobed about one-third ; style as long; anthers nearly 1.5 mm. long. F.M. Neg. 22899. Solanum mendax van Heurck & M. Arg. I.e. was based on Spruce 5050 from Ecuador and not from Peru as listed in Kew Index. Ac- cording to Bitter, Repert. Sp. Nov. 17: 332. 1921, it is a species of Capsicum, section Aureliana (Sendt.) Bitter. Cajamarca(?): Weberbauer 6051. 74 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII Capsicum molle (HBK.) Ktze. Rev. Gen. 2: 450. 1891; 505. Witheringia mollis HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 3: 15. 1818. Brachistus mollis (HBK.) Miers, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 3, 2: 264. 1849. Fregirardia mollis (HBK.) Dunal in DC. Prodr. 13, pt. 1: 505. 1852. A slender tortuous-stemmed shrub with geminate ovate acumi- nate leaves canescent tomentose beneath and 2-4 small flowers in the upper axils solitary on filiform pedicels 2-2.5 cm. long, these erect in fruit; petioles 6 mm. long; leaves membranous, reticulate-veined, sparsely pubescent above, 3.5-5 cm. long, 2-2.5 cm. wide, one of each pair stipuliform or much smaller; calyx urceolate, villous, 5-dentate; corolla rotate, hirtellous, limb plicate, angled, teeth acute; filaments sometimes 6, short, glabrous, anthers oblong, obtuse, somewhat ex- ceeded by the straight style, stigma subcapitate; berry subglobose, glabrous. Williams 7808, imperfect or moldy, apparently belongs here but flowers many, leaves twice as large. F.M. Neg. 2877. Cajamarca: Near Cajamarca, Bonpland, type. San Martin: San Roque, Williams 7808. Capsicum pendulum Willd. Hort. Berol. 1: 242. 1809; 425. More or less ligneous, glabrate or lightly (early more densely) pubescent; leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, acuminate, 2.5-5 cm. long or larger; peduncles solitary or geminate, incrassate apically, erect but calyx (and fruit) more or less recurved or reflexed; calyx trun- cate but with 5 (6) erect subobtuse teeth; corolla whitish but more or less seriately yellowish or tan, spotted or blotched within; fruit suboblong, red, smooth or rugose. According to Heiser and Smith this has the floral characters of C. microcarpum Cav., Gen. & Sp. PI. 371. 1803, probably (cf. Hunziker, 239) DC. Cat. Hort. Monsp. 1813, and C. Schottianum Sendt. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 106: 143-144. 1896, both natives of southern South America, not Cuba (as Cavanilles thought; Hunziker, 239-240). Hunziker describes the specimen of De Candolle: calyx teeth about 1 mm. long, corolla white with a pair of yellowish spots at base of lobes (these 2.5 X 2 mm.), anthers yellow, 1.8 mm. long, shorter than filaments, the appendages ob- scure, not free; fruit suboblong; C. Schottianum, similar, but calyx teeth obsolete, fruit globose; both illustrated, Hunziker, figs. 4 and 5. The geneticists concluded: C. pendulum Willd. probably will prove to be a cultivated form of one of these species, in this case, C. micro- carpum Cav. Illustrated, Heiser & Smith, Economic Bot. 7: 222 (fruits); 224 (flowers). FLORA OF PERU 75 In coastal Peru one of the most popular of the cultivated peppers (Heiser & Smith). Junin: Puento Yessup, Killip & Smith 26351; 26386 (both aff. C. Schottianum fide Heiser). Brazil to Chile and Ecuador (Heiser). Capsicum pubescens R. & P. Fl. Peruv. 2: 30. 1799; 421. Said to become suffrutescent, in any case always pubescent; stems angulate, often purplish at nodes, dichotomously branched; leaves solitary or geminate, ovate, obliquely acute, very veiny, opaque, the larger mostly 4-7 cm. long, about half as wide or larger; peduncles incrassate above, early erect, usually 1-flowered, longer than the somewhat recurved petioles, or to 1.5 (2) cm. long; corolla imbricate, the plaits between lobes distinct, the latter not joined apically in bud; filaments subfiliform; fruits yellow, orange (or red?), to about 1.5 cm. in diameter; seeds purple-black, curved or wrinkled. West 3739 is densely yellowish-pilose; Cook & Gilbert and Williams specimens are glabrate. After, in part, Heiser and Smith, Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 52: 331-335, 1948, who determined diploid number as 24 and contrasted characteristics with C. frutescens L., suggesting that be- sides color of flowers, dull leaves, open buds and conspicuous corolla folds, the species may have a different response to length of day. C. guatemalense Bitter, Repert. Sp. Nov. 21: 377. 1924, included in C. pubescens R. & P. by Heiser, has as to type 5 (rarely 7) subequal linear-subulate calyx teeth 2.5-3 mm. long, in this character at least suggesting C. Eggersii Bitter as author noted, with, however, as to type, 10 calyx teeth. Also similar is the Ecuadorian C. lycianthoides Bitter, I.e. 17: 332. 1921, with 5 linear-subulate calyx teeth 4-5 mm. long; all these plants have glands within the calyx and more or less plicate corollas, and their variations potential or true character await genetic investigation. Charles M. Rich gave a useful general account of this interesting plant, Bull. Mo. Bot. Card. 38: 36-42. 1950. Illustrated, Heiser & Smith, I.e. fig. 1 (plant, flower bud, fruit, seeds). Huanuco: Pozuzo, Ruiz & Pavon, type. Junin: Cultivated, Pa- natahuas, Ruiz & Pavon. Loreto: San Antonio, Rio Itaya, Williams 3405. Apurimac: Cultivated in garden of Dr. Octano Usandivaras, West 3739 (det. Hunziker). Cuzco: San Miguel, Urubamba Valley, Cook & Gilbert 1017 (det. P. Smith). To Mexico. "Roccoto" (Ruiz & Pavon); "uchu," "aji" (Williams). Capsicum sinensis Jacq. Hort. Vind. 3: 38, pi. 67. 1776; 413. C. toxicarium Poepp. ex Fingerh. Monog. 32. 1832? 76 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII Stems, leaves essentially glabrous, rarely shortly pubescent; leaves ovate to ovate-lanceolate, to 1.5 dm. wide, smooth or rugose, light to dark green; flowers 3-5 per node (except depauperate individuals), pedicels declinate, rarely erect, at anthesis relatively short, thick, ratio width to length of pedicels one-eighth to less than one-fifteenth; calyx teeth none, constriction base of calyx marked (rarely faint); corolla greenish-yellow, rarely white, 0.5-1 cm. long, lobes not spread- ing, usually with conspicuous folds at sinuses, sometimes long-atten- uate, folds lacking; anthers blue to purple (yellow); fruits 1-12 cm. long, smooth or wrinkled, orange, yellow, red or brown; seeds usually wavy-margined. C. pubescens has purple corolla, black seeds, C. pendulum yellow-spotted corolla, yellow anthers; in C. frutescens, pedicels long, slender, ratio one-twentieth, erect, corolla lobes spread- ing or recurved; C. annuum, pedicels solitary, corolla white. Has been collected in Piura, Lima, Huancayo, Iquitos, Tingo Maria (Smith & Heiser). Peru: See list of localities above; known only in cultivation or adventive. 15. DATURA L. Brugmansia Pers. Syn. 1: 216. 1805. Reference: Safford, Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci. 11: 173-189. 1921. Shrubs, trees or herbs with large solitary erect or pendulous fun- nelform-campanulate flowers. Calyx long-tubular, sometimes spathe- like, deciduous with the corolla or circumscissile at base leaving a disk that enlarges beneath the fruit, this sometimes prickly, 4-valved, 4-celled except at 2-celled top. Filaments and style capillary, the stamen bilobed. Ovary 2-celled, or pseudo-4-celled (Safford) but each of the 2 cells is partitioned by placenta walls. The following re'sume' was compiled before the appearance of "The Genus Datura" by A. F. Blakeslee (The Ronald Press Company, New York, 1959), including a genetic investigation by Avery, Satina and Rietsema and a "Review of the Taxonomic History of Datura," by Satina and Avery and a summary of nomenclature by Marie Hele*ne Sachet; the nomenclatorial notes by Fosberg, Taxon 8: 52-57. 1959, have been noted. The Fosberg and Barclay papers cited appeared while the above reference was in press. Arthur S. Barclay was reported to be preparing a much needed revision of the genus, unfortunately not available now (1959) ; accordingly this re*sum of Safford's work has been done without inclusion of recent materials. It seems to be FLORA OF PERU 77 agreed that more studies are needed to clarify the taxonomy, but without doubt the most confusing and unsettled problem is the tax- onomy of the Brugmansia group; these students preferred Safford's order of sections. Giro Napanga Agrero, Bol. Mus. Hist. Nat. 7: 228-235. 1943, gave an interesting account of El Floripondio with two fine photographs. For an informative account of the use of the narcotic seeds in ceremonial rites see Safford, Ann. Report Smithsonian Inst. 1920: 537-567. 1922, including illustrations of the following species, except D. cornigera. KEY TO DATURA Species and characters dubious; perhaps hybrids exist. Plants herbaceous; ovary (fruits) subaculeate, rarely smooth. Entire plant glabrous D. stramonium. Stems, often leaves, somewhat villosulous D. inoxia. Shrubs or trees; fruits tomentulose. Corolla red or yellowish-red, subtruncate but with points to 1.5 cm. long; stamens free; calyx subequally lobed. . . .D. sanguined. Corolla white, greenish-yellow, rarely reddish suffused, the points often longer than 1.5 cm.; calyx somewhat spathe-like and extended. Calyx obscurely spathaceous, unless in age subequally lobed; stamens early agglutinate or free. Fruit ovoid; corolla scarcely 2 dm. long; lobes little defined. D. arborea. Fruit oblong-cylindric; corolla 2.5-3.5 dm. long; lobes defined, sinuses rounded or notched D. Candida. Calyx clearly spathaceous, one side long extended, finally hamate; corolla points 2-4 cm. long; stamens free D. cornigera. Datura arborea L. Sp. PL 1: 179. 1753; 183. A shrub or small tree; leaves softly pubescent; calyx spathe-like, deciduous in fruit; corolla white, 15-18 cm. long, with distinct sinuses or notches between the lobes; peduncle velvety-pubescent; calyx caducous, often 6.25 cm. long; fruit ovoid. The type came from Peru. Often cultivated and highly regarded like D. Candida (Pers.) Pasq. with which it is confused and to which some of the following references may apply; this may be the same. D. arborea of Ruiz and 78 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII Pavon (Fl. Peruv.) was an incorrect determination for D. arborea L.; the Ruiz and Pavon plant is D. Candida (Pers.). For illustrations of this species see Safford, Ann. Report Smithsonian Inst. 1920: pis. 9, 10. 1922. The leaves are used as poultices to relieve pain and hasten sup- puration. Cuzco: Urubamba Valley, H err era 1536 (166). Junin: Valley of the Chanchamayo between Huacapistana and Palca, (Weberbauer, 247). "Floripondio," "campanchu," "toe" (Williams). Datura Candida (Pers.) Pasq. Cat. Ort. Bot. Nap. 36. 1867; 182. Brugmansia Candida Pers. Syn. 1: 216. 1805. D. arborea L. as to R. & P. Fl. Peruv. 2: 15, pi. 127. 1799. Distinguished from D. arborea by the large flowers, 2-3 dm. long, rounded between the points, and the long-cylindrical pointed fruits; calyx short, lax, somewhat pointed, more or less persisting. Like D. arborea known only in cultivation or at least in the vicinity of habitations, unless Weberbauer's collection represents a "wild" state. Tumbez: Deciduous bushwood on a brook, mountains east of Hacienda Chicama, Prov. of Tumbez, Weberbauer 7656. Also prov- inces of Cercado, Chancay and Huanuco according to Ruiz and Pavon. Cajamarca: Near Socota, Stork & Horton 10177. La Liber- tad: Cachicadan, Stork & Horton 9948; 9950. Junin: Puerto Yessup, Killip & Smith 26355. Loreto : Michuyacu, Klug 84-2. Yurimaguas, Williams 5275. La Victoria, Williams 2646. Caballo-cocha, 2395. Cuzco: Prov. Convention, Soukup 811. Alto Urubamba, Diehl 2^98. "Floripondio," "campanilla," "almizclillo." Datura cornigera Hook. Bot. Mag. pi. 4252. 1846; 183. A softly pubescent shrub or small tree with white flowers well- marked by the widely spreading corolla-limb with greatly elongate "points" and by the tapering horn-like apex of the calyx; corolla at first greenish-yellow, 15-18 cm. long, the caudate tips 4 cm. long; filaments free, hirsute below, anthers 2.5 cm. long; fruit nearly 1.5 dm. long, about 4 cm. thick. Calyx of our specimen not obviously costate and the calyx-beak not quite as long as illustrated. Stands out distinctly beside typical D. arborea L. because of smaller green- streaked corolla, different and stronger odor (Stork and Horton as to 9948); corolla yellow but appearing red at a distance because distal part is rose-red (Stork & Horton 9950) ; both collections around FLORA OF PERU 79 habitations. Isern 2013 from Queguena, Arequipa, appears to be this species, or all Peruvian specimens may represent a new species or D. rubella Safford, I.e. 185, of Ecuador, the corolla however, de- scribed as red, 13-14 cm. long. Huanuco: Appearing as wild in remote sunny places, Muna, 4061? Mexico. Datura inoxia Miller, Card. Diet. ed. 8, no. 5. 1768; 179. D. guayaquilensis HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 3: 8. 1818, fide Svenson, with query. D. meteloides DC. ex Dunal, Prodr. 13, pt. 1: 544. 1852, fide Barclay, Bot. Mus. Leaflets 18: 245-255. 1959. Cinereous-puberulent or pruinose annual; leaves ovate, acute or rounded at base, undulate, rarely subdentate; peduncle erect, 1 cm. long; calyx to 8 cm. long, lobes acuminate, unequal; corolla 1 dm. or longer, shortly 8-10-cusped. Name, in silly "correction" has been written "innoxia." White corolla 1.5 dm. long, leaves, more or less covered with soft down, variously angled, fruit spines relatively soft (Svenson). Type from seeds obtained at Vera Cruz, Mexico. Illus- trated, Barclay, I.e. pis. 50, 51, 52. F.M. Neg. 30800 (D. meteloides). Piura: Parinas Valley, Haught 271 . East of Capo Blanco, Haught 189. To Colombia and Venezuela; Paraguay. Datura sanguinea R. & P. Fl. Peruv. 2: 15. 1799; 187. Brug- mansia bicolor Pers. Syn. PL 1: 216. 1805. The only known species in Peru with dark red flowers shading into a yellow tube; leaves entire or repand, puberulent; peduncle slender; calyx about half the length of the corolla or less, with two (later more) acuminate teeth; corolla 2 dm. long, lightly pubescent, the limb about 7 cm. wide; filaments pubescent below; anthers 1.5 cm. long; fruit often in persisting calyx, smooth, seeds verrucu- lose. A small tree growing at 3,000 to 4,000 meters. The specimens from southern Peru may represent a distinct species. Although re- ferred here by Safford they are described by him as having obtuse calyx-teeth, glabrous flowers 2.5 dm. long and anthers 2.5 cm. long. D. Rosei Safford, I.e. 188, of Ecuador has upper leaves angular- dentate, densely tomentose. An ointment with reputed healing properties is prepared from the bruised leaves and a narcotic and intoxicating drink called "Tonga" is made from the seeds, which, according to Tschudi, may not only stupefy but cause insanity. 80 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII Amazonas: Guayabamba and Chachapoyas, Woytkowski 7; Sou- kup 4122. Ancash: Near Pichin, Weberbauer 2926 (det. Dammer). Huanuco: Chinchapalca, pueblo above Mito, 1601. Huanuco, Kanehira 224? Junin: Tarma, Ruiz & Pavon, type. Huancayo, at 3,317 meters, Soukup 3976. Cuzco: Cultivated, (Hen era, 166}. Ollantaitambo, (Cook}. Also at Tarma, Xauza, Huarochera, Canta and Huamalies, (Ruiz & Pavdn}. Puno: Asiruni, Soukup 927. Ecuador. "Puca campacho," "floripondio encarnado" (Ruiz & Pavon) ; "campanulas encarnadas." Datura stramonium L. Sp. PI. 179. 1753. A bushy annual glabrous weed with ovate angulate dentate leaves, tubular, usually white flowers 7-10 cm. long, 5-lobed, and erect, usu- ally shiny pods. Var. tatula (L.) Torr. is purplish-tinged, including the corollas, and the prickles of capsules are often subequal. Ac- cording to Herrera the root of D. stramonium is smoked with tobacco as a remedy for asthma. San Martin: Tarapoto, Williams 5856. Juanjui, Klug 4198. Huanuco: Along ditches in Huanuco, 2332; Ruiz. Ollantaitambo, Herrera 3456. "Chaminco," "chamico." 16. MARKEA Rich. Dyssochroma Miers, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 2, 4: 250. 1849; also Ectozoma Miers, I.e. 191, at least as to Peru, fide Cuatrecasas. Reference: Cuatrecasas, Repert. Sp. Nov. 61: 74-83. 1958. Shrubby, more or less scandent, the long branches often pendent, the flowers red, showy, solitary or several in racemes, or panicles. Calyx tubular or campanulate, often angulate, 4-5-dentate or parted. Corolla more or less ampliate, the tube short or elongate, the 5 im- bricate lobes equal or somewhat unequal. Anthers subsessile or on elongate filaments, perhaps always from a scaly or pubescent base, dehiscence longitudinal. Fruit baccate-capsular, 2-celled, oblong or subconical, seeds many, imbricate. Persoon changed the name (often Marckea in litt.) to Lamarckia but the reference to the famous nat- uralist is obvious; Cuatrecasas followed Richard. Peruvian species are sparsely branched epiphytes with short to greatly elongate inter- nodes often sheltering ants. Seeds with straight embryo (unknown for Ectozoma?} ; genus therefore in tribe Cestreae. Flowers small, pale; leaves glabrous M. Ulei. FLORA OF PERU 81 Flowers large, dark-colored, at least within; leaves ciliate. M . formicarum. Markea formicarum Damm. Bot. Jahrb. 37: 170. 1905; 80. Type described as tuberiferous; petioles a few mm. to 1 cm. long; leaves lanceolate, acuminate, 8.5-18 cm. long, 3-7 cm. wide, few- nerved, glabrous except long-ciliate margins; flowers 1-several or sometimes solitary at branchlet tips; pedicels 1.5 cm. long, incrassate above, pulverulent as calyx, this with lanceolate caudate-acuminate lobes to 23 mm. long, 7 mm. wide (acumen 1 cm. long, ciliate) ; co- rolla bilabiate, 6.5 cm. long, cylindric tube 1 cm. across, below the middle narrowed to base where 2 mm. across, the 3 smaller lobes of limb rounded, the 2 larger obovate, denticulate; stamens at 2.5 cm. above base, equal, filaments 12 mm. long, villous near dilated base, anthers linear, subsagittate, 1 cm. long; ovary set in a 5-crenulate annular disk; style filiform, incrassate toward capitate stigma; cap- sule oblong, 1.5 cm. long, 1 cm. thick, the seeds 2.5 mm. long, 1 mm. thick. Given an herbarium name by Spruce in reference to the con- spicuous ciliation. Illustrated, Karsten & Schenck, Veg. 3, Reihe, l:j&f Loreto: Mishuyacu near Iquitos, Klug 24-3; 808; Killip & Smith 29973. Amazonian Brazil; Colombia. Markea Ulei (Damm.) Cuatr. Repert. Sp. Nov. 61: 78. 1958. Ectozoma Ulei Damm. Bot. Jahrb. 37: 170. 1905. E. Pavonii Miers, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 2, 4: 191. 1849; 111. S. Amer. PI. 2: 43, pi. 1*8. 1849-57? Terete branches often rooting; petioles 5-12 mm. long; leaves membranous or fleshy-coriaceous, lanceolate to spathulate or obo- vate to rounded, often 0.5-1.5 dm. long, about 2-4.5 cm. wide, rounded or attenuate at base; inflorescences racemose-cymose in upper axils, pedicels about 1 cm. long, puberulent as the calyx, this irregular-margined, 5 mm. long, 2 mm. across; corolla greenish- yellow or white, hypocrateriform-campanulate, about 7.5 mm. long, the basal tubular part 2 mm. long, the campanulate upper portion 4-5 mm. long, minutely pilose at throat, not scaly; anthers sub- sessile at constriction, thick, filling the cavity, dehiscence by longi- tudinal chinks on upper two-thirds of the cells (Cuatrecasas). Bentham and Hooker, Gen. PI. 2: 904. 1883, not finding the perigy- nous ring described and illustrated by Miers referred the latter's genus to Juanulloa R. & P.; Dammer observed minute pubescent 82 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII scales; Cuatrecasas noted that the only very distinctive character of M. Ulei (probably of E. Pavonii} is the subsessile anthers and it is scarcely a generic one! The four collections of Klug have yellow- green flowers; his 126, calyx 5 mm. long, deeply cleft, the lobes re- flexed, corolla 12 mm. long, may be distinct; E. Pavonii (type from Guayaquil) ex char, has 5 equal triangular erect calyx teeth, anthers dehiscing to base, subsessile on inner side of a free ciliate ring; these apparent characters will probably prove to be manifestations of a variable androecium. But since Cuatrecasas did not choose to trans- fer E. Pavonii as the earliest name this may best be done by the student able to study it from the type region or adjacent Peru where it may be recollected. Loreto: Boqueron Padre Abad, Woytkowski 34387 (det. Cuatre- casas). Mishuyacu from Iquitos, Klug 5; 126; 1127. Balsapuerto, Klug 2953. Cerro de Ponasa, Ule 32 in part (Herb. Dahlem), but pedicels 1 dm. long, calyces and bright yellow-green corollas 6 cm. long and broad. Amazonian Brazil; Ecuador? 17. JUANULLOA R. & P. Ulloa Pers. Syn. 1: 218. 1805. Reference: Cuatrecasas, Brittonia 10: 146-150. 1958. Shrubs, often epiphytic or sarmentose with entire more or less coriaceous leaves and tubular-funnelform red or yellow flowers little or much exserted from a more or less deeply divided but inflated, usually colored calyx. Pedicels stout or incrassate toward apex. Corolla usually contracted at the dentate apex. Filaments filiform, elongate, anthers linear, dehiscence longitudinal. Ovary usually conical, annular disk lobulate, fleshy. Fruit enclosed in calyx. Differs chiefly from Markea by the shape of the corolla, this rarely not contracted but not campanulate apically. Few of the Andean species have been available; the following account of those accredited to Peru is therefore entirely from litera- ture. Named for Jorg Juan and Antonio de Ulloa, companions of La Condamine, Jussieu and others who were in Peru when on the expedition to measure a degree of the equator; this for the determi- nation of the shape of the earth ! Two obscure or imperfectly known species are retained, as de- scribed, in Salpichroa where they can scarcely belong, but quite possibly they are equally aberrant here. FLORA OF PERU 83 KEY TO JUANULLOA Flowers small, scarcely 1 cm. long (cf. J. microphylla}. Racemes a few cm. long S. breviflora. Corymbs open, 5-7-flowered S. cuspidata. Flowers large (unknown, J. microphylla). Calyx early inflated and deeply cleft laterally, shortly dentate, finally 4-5-parted; leaves glabrous or early pulverulent at least beneath. Calyx membranous. Leaves 8-12 mm. wide; corolla probably small, narrow. J. microphylla. Leaves much larger; corolla to 6 cm. long, ampliate limb 1.5 cm. wide J. grandiflora. Calyx fleshy-coriaceous; corolla to 4.5 cm. long, narrow. J. parasitica. Calyx equally or subequally parted, not or little inflated in bud, segments 1.5-2 cm. long. Calyx submembranous; leaves glabrous J. ochracea. Calyx coriaceous; leaves tomentose beneath J. ferruginea. Salpichroa breviflora Dunal in DC. Prodr. 13, pt. 1: 474. 1852. Glabrous including the flower segments but the rigid branches more or less lineately glandular, the glands variously developed; leaves obliquely rhombic-subovate-lanceolate, unequally rounded to the short petiole, this globosely glandular at apex, acutely acumi- nate, 2.5-7.5 cm. long, nearly 1-1.5 cm. wide, coriaceous, opaque, paler beneath, with 4-5 pairs of obscure very slender long-branched nerves; racemes straight, to 2.5 cm. long, peduncles obsolete, to 7 mm. long, pedicels 5-7, stout, scarcely 0.3 mm. long; calyx crateri- form, deeply parted, the 5 unequal acute segments to 2 mm. long and wide; buds cylindric-conic, obtuse, about 5 mm. long, 4 mm. thick; corolla fleshy, subcampanulate, tube 4.5 mm. long, 3 mm. thick, the 5-parted limb 3-5 mm. across, with ovate-lanceolate recurved acute unequal lobes nearly 2 mm. long, the subinflexed margins puberulent; stamens little longer than tube, the filaments 2- nearly 3 mm. long, anthers yellowish, stout, ovoid, sulcate, 1 mm. long; ovary obconic, sulcate, annulate at base; style shorter than filaments; stigma dis- coid, glandular. This ex char, doubtfully a Salpichroa; more prob- ably a Juanulloa. F.M. Neg. 6872. 84 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII Amazonas: Chachapoyas, (type, Mathews?, Herb. DC.). Salpichroa cuspidata Dunal in DC. Prodr. 13, pt. 1: 474. 1852. Glabrous or essentially, but branches and branchlets somewhat marked by oval or oblong glands; leaves shortly petioled, elliptic cuspidate, about 1.5 dm. long, half as wide, coriaceous, paler be- neath, the 6-8 slender nerves there prominent, anastomosing; corymb terminal, 2-3-forked, lax, long-peduncled; pedicels 4-10 mm. long, glandular, with linear-subulate bracts 4-10 mm. long; calyx coria- ceous, cyathiform-poculiform, the 5 triangular acute segments 5 mm. long, 7 mm. wide, reddish in herb.; buds infundibuliform, angled, limb segments oval-lanceolate, obtuse; stamens included; filaments in tube, pilosulous, to 0.5 mm. long; anthers oblong-linear, obtuse, reddish, about 3 mm. long, longitudinally dehiscent; ovary disk prominent; style filiform, 6 mm. long, stigma cupuliform; calyx little enlarged about the subglobose berry, this 8-10 mm. in diameter. This, as S. breviflora Dunal, doubtfully in this group and possibly, especially this shrub, not in Peru. F.M. Neg. 34134. Peru(?): (Atropa? 4-56, Pavon, in Herb. Boissier). Juanulloa ferruginea Cuatr. in Brittonia 10: 149. 1958. Unique in the dense reddish-brown tomentum on petioles (1-2 cm. long), leaves (in some degree beneath), these 13-18 cm. long, 5-7.5 cm. wide, pedicels (1-1.5 cm. long), calyces (1.5-2 cm. long) and short tubular corollas, these about 2.6 cm. long, not basally constricted, ampliate, with reflexed lobes 7-8 mm. long; stamens free at middle of tube, this exceeded by the 4 mm. long anthers, their clefts about 2.5 mm. long. Type from Puerto Espino, Rio Putumayo, near Ecuador and Peru. There are several similar plants proposed as dis- tinct species and the Peruvian one with calyx glabrate (in age), shorter corolla lobes, grayish tomentum, may be yet another entity; J. speciosa (Miers) Dunal of Colombia may be represented by Sou- kup 2920 from the Botanic Garden, Lima; its leaves are rusty tomen- tose beneath, calyx 3-3.5 cm. long. San Martin: San Roque, Williams 7081; 7641 (ex char.). Adja- cent Colombia. Juanulloa grandiflora Dunal in DC. Prodr. 13, pt. 1: 531. 1852. Branches straight, subterete, glandular puberulent, tomentulose toward the foliose tips; petioles canaliculate, rounded dorsally, about FLORA OF PERU 85 1-2 cm. long; leaves approximately paired, oval-lanceolate, attenu- ate into petiole, subacute, to about 1.5 dm. long, 5 cm. wide, thin- membranous, glabrate above, puberulent beneath in the 7-9 primary nerves and reticulate veins; peduncles subaxillary, scarcely 2 cm. long, incrassate above, 1 (-few) -flowered, puberulent-tomentulose; calyx 3 cm. long, ovoid, inflated, pilosulous, 4-5-parted, segments acute, unequal, one deeply divided; corolla subglabrous, 5-6 cm. long, limb subinfundibuliform, 1.5 cm. across, the broadly ovate, acute undulate lobes medially gray tomentulose without; ovary con- ical, style filiform, as long as corolla tube; stamens nearly attaining corolla-throat. After author, the type under name of Pavon in Herb. Boissier. F.M. Neg. 8570. Huanuco(?): Ruiz & Pav6n, type. Juanulloa microphylla Dunal in DC. Prodr. 13, pt. 1: 531. 1852. Branches glabrous, scarred by the fallen leaves, subangulate, geniculate-nodose, the short foliose branches puberulent; petioles 6-8 mm. long, pilosulous; leaves geminate, ovate or elliptic or sub- obovate, obtuse or acute, mucronate, to 2 or 2.5 cm. long, 8-12 mm. wide, green and obscurely puberulent above, paler and glabrate be- neath, subrounded or slightly decurrent at base, primary nerves 2-3 pairs; peduncle terminal and axillary, 1-flowered, glabrous, incrassate above, 10-12 mm. long; calyx 1-2 cm. long, membranous, lustrous, glabrous, inflated-cylindric, 7 mm. in diameter, the teeth triangular- oblong, acutely acuminate; ovary ovoid, style straight, terete, enlarged at base, equaling calyx, stigma thick, 1 mm. across, suborbicular. After author, otherwise unknown; in habit and foliage it suggests Salpichroa; it may, when flowers are discovered, be found to be lochroma. F.M. Neg. 8569. Junin: Huasahuasi, Ruiz & Pavdn, type (Herb. Boissier, Geneva). Juanulloa ochracea Cuatr. in Brittonia 10: 148. 1958. Shrubby, the pendent branchlets, the petioles (5-14 mm. long) and the 3-4 subumbellate axillary flowers including the yellow- ochraceous corollas without more or less pulverulent; leaves ovate- oblong or oblong-sublanceolate, rounded obtuse or cuneate at base, acutely acuminate, 8-20 cm. long, 4-7 cm. wide, glabrous, papyra- ceous but somewhat rigid, secondary nerves (about 6) obscure above, subprominent beneath, veins faint; bractlets 1.5-2 mm. long; ped- 86 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII icels 5-15 mm. long; calyx firm-membranous, sub-basally parted, the 5 oblong-lanceolate acute segments 15-22 mm. long, 2-5 mm. wide at base; corolla barbate within only at stamen insertion, about 1 cm. above base, 3.5 cm. long, the tube 8 mm. long, 5 mm. thick, the limb about 8 mm. across, little constricted apically, the oval ob- tuse lobes reflexed, 2 mm. long; filaments 12-15 mm. long, anthers 8 mm. long, subcordate; disk undulate, 1 mm. high; style lobed, am- pliate; fruit ovoid, 12 mm. broad. Resembles Marked Rich. (1792) but corolla narrowly tubular, slightly broadening medially, con- stricted below apex; Juanulloa parviflora (Ducke) Cuatr., I.e. 150, has corolla not constricted nor enlarged at apex; with discovery of more intermediate species of Juanulloa R. & P. (1794), some botanist may admit that the generic definitions are arbitrary, a seemingly obvious probability even now. Loreto: Florida, Rio Putumayo, Klug 2360. Colombia. Juanulloa parasitica R. & P. Fl. Peruv. 2: 47, pi. 185. 1799; 528. Ulloa parasitica Pers. Syn. 1: 218. 1805. Suffrutescent glabrous epiphyte with many often dependent stems, little or not branched, the younger angulate, purplish; petioles 1.5- 3 cm. long, often curved at base; leaves alternate or subgeminate, oblong-elliptic or somewhat obovate or lanceolate, entire or sub- repand, attenuate at base, cuspidate, mostly 1-1.5 dm. long, 5-7 cm. wide, lustrous (drying opaque), coriaceous, punctulate, paler be- neath, the 5-8 primary nerves not prominent; racemes sometimes dichotomous, at least early terminal, more or less pendent, to 1.5 dm. long, purplish peduncles and pedicels terete, the latter 6-12 mm. long; calyx orange, fleshy, ovoid, inflated, early 2, finally 4 cm. long, 2 cm. broad, the unequal linear-oblong segments acutely acuminate, in age divided; corolla below throat inflated-ventricose, 8 mm. in diameter, a little contracted at throat, 6 mm. wide at base, the limb 1 mm. long, the rounded or subacuminate lobes scarcely 4 mm. long; filaments densely pilose basally, 8-10 mm. long, anthers equal, 8 mm. long; ovoid-globose ovary in torulose disk; fruit 2.5 cm. long, nearly 2 cm. thick, puniceous, the violet seeds in a lustrous pulp. Ovoid- inflated corolla 3 cm. long as illustrated by Miers, 111. S. Amer. PI. San Martin: Tarapoto, Ule 6606. Jepelacio, Klug 3529 (det. Standley, J. grandiflora). Huanuco: Huamalies, Weberbauer 3^37. Pozuzo and San Antonio, Ruiz & Pavon, type. Loreto: Puente Me- lendez, Tessmann 4876 (det. Werdermann). Bolivia; Mexico? FLORA OF PERU 87 18. GESTRUM L. Sessea R. & P. Prodr. 21, pi. 33. 1794. Reference: P. Francey, Candollea 6: 46-398. 1936 (not 1935; cf. 7, title page); 7: 1-132. 1936. Shrubs or trees, often with virgate flowering branches, and usu- ally greenish-yellow flowers in terminal or axillary cymes, panicles or racemes, stipuliform leaves often deciduous, probably sometimes caducous. Calyx campanulate, tubular or poculiform. Corolla sal- verform or tubular-funnelform, the tube very long and slender, more or less contorted at throat. Stamens usually equal or subequal (ex- cept C. conglomeration, C. confertum, C. foliosum), 5, adnate to the corolla tube, the filiform filaments often pubescent especially below, sometimes tumid or with a toothlike appendage. Anthers (Peru) spherical or ellipsoid. Ovary glabrous (or papillose, rarely glabrate), oblong or globose, or shortly stiped, 2-celled, style filiform, stigma entire or lobed, rarely exserted. Fruit capsular to baccate, scarcely or little succulent. Embryo straight or nearly. Floral parts 4, some- times 4, 6 or 7. Many species are reputed to have medicinal value and most emit a very disagreeable or even foetid odor, although the flowers may be fragrant. Sessea, as section and genus, recalls Don Martin Sesse", director of the Botanical Garden of Mexico at the time of Ruiz and Pavon. Dunal (followed by Francey) divided the genus into two sections: Habrothamnus (Endl.) Schlecht. flowers somewhat purple to orange or red, the calyx narrow, often reflexing segments, the Mexican and Central American species C. elegans (Brongn.) Schlecht. and C. au- rantiacum Lindl., both cultivated, at least in the botanical garden at Lima in 1946 (Soukup 2921, 2928), the former with tomentose leaves, purple flowers 2 cm. long, the latter with glabrous leaves, orange flower 2.5 cm. long; Eucestrum Dunal, flowers whitish, greenish, yel- lowish, calyx with broad short erect teeth. The key includes Peruvian plants described as Sesseas but several have not been transferred, since their standing may be questioned; in the description of generic characters not diverse to typical, as gla- brous ovary, rotund anthers, etc., these plants have not been in- cluded, and for convenience the stipuliform leaves sometimes developed are referred to as stipules in the key. This has been transcribed from Francey's meticulous work but modified in conformity to the floristic approach of this publication; the well-drawn descriptions are essen- tially his or his interpretation of Dunal's. In Notizbl. Bot. Gart. 88 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII Berlin 11: 978, 1934, he gave a key largely copied herewith as per- taining to Peru based primarily on that of Bitter, I.e., but he noted that it was not possible for him to place all species in the grouping of the previous student. Francey, I.e. 49-51, discussed the character of Sessea in contrast to that of Oestrum; while he retained the former his remarks indicate that he did so with considerable doubt; then, too, as a student he may have been diffident or was counseled to respect tradition. The conclusion that Sessea constitutes a natural group would be rein- forced if the family as a whole did not exhibit within well-defined groups various fruit anomalies that are accepted as merely specific; even the not closely allied Lycium furnishes examples, as do Datura, Solatium and Brunfelsia. Accordingly, in conformity with the gen- eral intent followed in this work, the species of Sessea with 2-valved capsules, the valves sometimes so deeply bifid as to appear 4 (S. pedi- cellata is actually 4-valved according to Francey) are treated as spe- cies of Cestrum. Francey found that the ovary in dissection was not easily or as easily parted in Cestrum but the distinction is one of degree and, significantly, not concomitant with characters of pubes- cence or fruit, the latter, as agreed by Francey, sometimes passing in design from capsular to baccate, notably, in Peru, in the case of C. glaucophyllum and probably other species when fruit is known. Some species, as in true Cestrum, may prove to be individual variants. KEY TO CESTRUM (including SESSEA) Indument obvious all over leaves beneath and in inflorescence in- cluding calyces (or these tardily glabrate; glabrous only, C. flex- uosum) and (or) corollas; inflorescence or the flowers at tip of often bracteate or foliose branchlets, these always longer than the subtending petiole. Corolla pubescent including the tube; fruit capsular except C. strig- illatum. Calyx subtruncate-crenate; ovary apically pilose. Calyx 7-9 mm. long C. Mancoi. Calyx 5-5.5 mm. long (species may be one and variable; see also S. multiflora). Corolla (type) at least 2 cm. long; pedicels in part 1-1.5 mm. long C. Franceyi. Corolla (type) at most 18 mm. long; pedicels none to 0.5 mm. long S. discolor. FLORA OF PERU 89 Calyx 3-3.5 mm. long C. osnoense. Calyx dentate, 7-10 mm. long. Corolla about 1.5 cm. long; fruit capsular. Flowers many in broad panicles; ovary pilose at tip. C. maleolens. Flowers few, inflorescence simple or panicles narrow; ovary glabrous C. dependens. Corolla about 3 cm. long; fruit baccate. C. cancellatum, C. strigillatum. Corolla glabrous or the lobes obscurely pulverulent; fruit baccate or tardily dehiscing at apex. Indument sparse or fine, stellulate. Flowers 3.5 cm. long, 1-3; filaments glabrous, 1.5 mm. free. C. glaucophyllum. Flowers about 17 mm. long, several to many; filaments pilose, 5 mm. free. Calyx glabrous C. flexuosum. Calyx lanate C. Humboldtii. Indument dense, villous-stellate; filaments glabrous, 5.5-7 mm. free. Corolla lobes obtuse; calyx teeth broadly ovate, acute; leaves subcordate C. lanuginosum. Corolla lobes acute; calyx teeth 1-1.5 mm. long, 1 mm. wide, acuminate; leaves subacute at base C. tomentosum. Indument lacking in age or an obscure puberulence on calyces, co- rollas and rarely leaves beneath especially on nerves, then often deciduous. Inflorescence rarely sessile, always longer than subtending petiole, sometimes at branchlet tip. Leaves somewhat pubescent beneath; filaments pilose (except C. glaucophyllum) , free 5.5-7 mm. Lateral leaf nerves 20 or more pairs . . (C. venosum) C. petiolare. Lateral leaf nerves 13 or 14 pairs C. Humboldtii. Lateral leaf nerves 5-9 pairs. Calyx 5 mm. long; spikes 5-7-flowered C. flexuosum. Calyx 10 mm. long or longer; spikes 1-3-flowered. C. glaucophyllum. Leaves glabrous, or soon obscurely pulverulent. 90 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII Calyx 6-10 mm. long; filaments somewhat pilose, denticulate (C. aberrans), free 4-6 mm. or longer except C. longi- florum (2 mm.). Leaves 2-7 cm. long; flowers to 2 cm. long. Corolla 22 mm. long, glabrous; fruit baccate. . C. Dunalii. Corolla 1.5 cm. long, calyx puberulent; fruit capsular. C. aberrans. Leaves often 1-2 dm. long; flowers 5-6 cm. long. C. longiflorum. Calyx 2-4.5 (5) mm. long; filaments glabrous except C. ovato- lanceolatum. Filaments denticulate or bent, 3.5 mm. free; calyx nearly tubular, 3.5-5 mm. long; corolla 2.5-3 cm. long (spe- cies may be tenuous). Leaves crisped-undulate; stipules deciduous; filaments denticulate C. undulatum. Leaves plane or nearly; stipules none. Filaments denticulate; leaves (type) abruptly cuspi- date C. ovalifolium. Filaments merely geniculate; leaves acuminate. Corolla about 2.5 cm. long; calyx 4 mm. long. C. Raimondianum. Corolla about 3 cm. long; calyx 5 mm. long. C. pseudopedicellatum. Filaments smooth, even, free 0.5-3 mm.; calyx obconic- campanulate, 2-3.5 mm. long. Stipules none; calyx 2 mm. long, subpulverulent; corolla about 1 cm. long C. ovatolanceolatum. Stipules present unless in age; corolla about 2.5 cm. long. Leaves often 8-15 cm. long, principal nerves 7-8 pairs. C. reflexum. Leaves often 5-7 cm. long, principal nerves 10-12 pairs. C. auriculatum. Inflorescence rachis more or less developed or (and) the leaves ob- long-lanceolate or in part about 1 dm. long and often elliptic; filaments various; see contrast 3. Leaf nerves many (often 13-21 pairs), subparallel nearly to mar- gin; filaments uneven, 1-5 mm. free. FLORA OF PERU 91 Stipules none; leaves rounded at base; adnate part of fila- ments pilose C. racemosum. Stipules present; leaves acute to base; filaments glabrous. C. Mathewsii. Leaf nerves 7-15, arcuate, uneven, often joined well before margin. Stipules conspicuous; leaves rarely 4 cm. wide, oblong-ovate- lanceolate except C. Weberbaueri; filaments glabrous. Leaves often 1 dm. long, acute at base; filaments dentate (known). Leaves to 2 cm. wide; stipules lunate C. Macbridei. Leaves to 4 cm. wide; stipules suboblong. Calyx to 5 mm. long; stipules 3-5 mm. long. C. peruvianum. Calyx 6-6.5 mm. long; stipules 1-1.5 cm. long. C. Weberbaueri. Leaves 5-10 cm. long, rounded basally or to a subacute base; filaments smooth C. foliosum. Stipules deciduous, minute or lacking; leaves all or many 5 cm. wide or wider except C. laevifolium; filaments pilose to puberulent. Leaves truly ovate or ovate-lanceolate, mostly 5 cm. wide below middle; corolla 1 cm. long, filaments free 0.5 mm. (type) C. ovatolanceolatum. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, few 5 cm. wide, lustrous; corolla 2 cm. long, filaments free 4 mm C. laevifolium. Leaves more or less elliptic-lanceolate, many 5-10 cm. wide, subopaque; corolla 1.5-2 cm. long. Leaves not decurrent; calyx 4.5 mm. long, clearly costate; filaments barbate, free 1.5-3.5 mm C. loretense. Leaves decurrent; calyx 2.5-3 mm. long, subterete or 5-nerved; filaments, except C. obscurum, free to 4 mm., pilose (species, except C. obscurum, seem in- tangible). Corolla gradually ampliate, finally 16-20 mm. long; calyx glabrate. Calyx subcyathiform; leaves membranous. C. nemanthum, C. silvaticum. 92 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII Calyx tubular; leaves firm to coriaceous. C. Baenitzii. Corolla cylindric nearly to apex, 15 mm. long; calyx tubular, glabrous in type C. obscurum. Inflorescence much reduced, rachis none or obscure, the flowers (or flower) sessile or subsessile in the axils; leaves to 1 dm. long or longer, always rather elliptic, but often rigid; filaments even, except C. Sendtnerianum (cf. C. Mathewsii). Flowers 1-4; filaments denticulate, pilose. . . .C. Sendtnerianum. Flowers usually many; filaments even. Leaves very rigid, to 7 cm. long, nerves 4-8 pairs. C. confertum. Leaves more or less flexible, 1-2 dm. long, and (or) many- nerved. Stipules none; corolla 15-17 mm. long. . .C. conglomeratum. Stipules present; corolla (14) 19-21.5 mm. long. Leaf nerves 18-21, rigid; leaves 2.5-3.5 cm. wide, coria- ceous C. Mathewsii. Leaf nerves 12-14, rigid, coarse; leaves 4-7.5 cm. wide, coriaceous C. ellipticum. Leaf nerves 10-12, slender; leaves 2.5-4 cm. wide, mem- branous C. falcatum. Oestrum aberrans Macbr., nom. nov. Sessea confertiflora Fran- cey, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 11: 880. 1934, not Schlechtendahl. Branches 2.5-4 mm. thick, glabrous as the shortly fastigiate branchlets except early puberulent apically; petioles 1-6 mm. long, 1-2 mm. wide, enlarged at base; leaves erect or nearly, oblong- lanceolate, cuneately long-decurrent at base, obtuse or obtusely acute, 4.5-7.5 cm. long, 1.5-3 cm. wide, subcoriaceous, revolute, lustrous above, glabrous, irregularly disposed lateral nerves about 7; axils fuscous tomentose; flowers capitately congested, pedicels 1 mm. long, peduncles 1-5 (-8) mm. long, puberulent as the obconic calyx, this 7.5-10 mm. long, 3 mm. across, broad obtuse unequal teeth 1-1.5 mm. long; corolla glabrous except lobes, whitish-green, 1.5 cm. long, tube 11 mm. long, limb lobes puberulent, orbicular, 2.5 mm. long; filaments adnate, 4 mm. long where pilose, the teeth bifid; ovary glabrous, 6-ovuled; stigma capitate; capsule obovoid, included, 6.5 mm. long, 3.5 mm. thick, shortly stiped, dehiscing FLORA OF PERU 93 by narrowly elliptic valves, the 3-4 mature seeds 3 mm. long, 1 mm. wide, cotyledons elliptic. According to Raimondi poisonous to all domestic animals. Ancash : Between Huara and Llipe, Prov. Cajatambo, (Raimondi, type). Lima: San Juan to Huarochiri, (Raimondi). "Laplacata." Oestrum auricula turn L'Her. Stirp. 1: 71, pi. 35. 1788; 132. C. lasianthum Dunal in DC. Prodr. 13, pt. 1: 649. 1852. C. serratum Dunal, I.e. 665. C. leptanthum Dunal, I.e. 666, all fide Francey. A slender-branched shrub 1-several meters high, glabrous except for the often finely puberulent inflorescence branches and flowers; petioles 1-1.5 cm. long, often biauriculate at base, the auricles lunate and as long as or much shorter than the petioles; leaves oblong-ovate or -lanceolate, to 1 dm. long or longer, often shorter, more or less acuminate, somewhat narrowed at base; flowers in terminal and axillary corymbose panicles, sessile or scarcely ped- icellate, to about 2.5 cm. long, yellowish-green with blackish or reddish-brown overtones; calyx glabrous to pubescent, nearly cyathi- form, scarcely 2 mm. long, the teeth minute; corolla tube filiform, enlarged above, often lightly puberulent, filaments free 1.5-3 mm., glabrous except adnate part, edentate; fruit fleshy, black. The plant described here is that illustrated by L'Heritier, and Dunal may have erred in referring to it the earlier published C. hediunda Lam. which more probably is his C. hediundinum, the corolla gla- brous. It is not clear, however, that more than one variable species is concerned, as Francey decided, but he did not use Lamarck's name. Dombey 352 and Gaudichaud 87, both Herb. DeCandolle and without data except "Peru," are types of Dunal's species. Only some of the many collections are listed. F.M. Negs. 2970, 2980 (C. hediundinum); 6902 (C. lasianthum); 6985 (C. leptanthum); 8572 (C. serratum). Cajamarca: Chota, Raimondi. Cascas, Raimondi. San Martin: Tarapoto, Woyktowski 35026 (det. Cuatrecasas) ; Williams 6169. Ancash: Tambo de Pariocota, 254.5. Chancos, Nunez 324.1. Lima: Dombey, type. Lurin, Pennell 12221. Stn. Eulalia, Goodspeed 33102 (det. Killip). Canta, Pennell 11+355; Nunez 950; 954. Prov. Canete, Vargas 9313 (det. Johnston). Rio Chillon, Pennell 14445. Ato- congo, Mexia 04037 (det. Johnston). Callao, Gaudichaud. Chosica to Matucana, 76; 539; Mexia 04092 (det. Johnston) ; Soukup 2055; 2069. Huanuco: Pampayacu, Sawada 47. Arequipa: Laspinas, 2,200 meters, Eyerdam & Beetle 22149 (det. Johnston). Tiabaya, 94 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII Pennell 13089. Near Arequipa, Rose; Isern. Guicacha, Ferreyra 7220. Puno: Near Puno, Soukup 406 (distr. as C. conglomeratum) . Ecuador. "Hierba Sancta," "hierba hedionda." Cestrum Baenitzii Lingelsh. Repert. Nov. Sp. 7: 248. 1909; 309. Branches erect, 6-8 mm. thick, the erect rigid branchlets longi- tudinally striate-canaliculate, sometimes pulverulent toward the apex; stipuliform leaves none; petioles stout, sometimes tortuous, arcuate, 7-15 (20) mm. long; leaves approximate apically, at ma- turity oblong-elliptic or subovate, long-attenuate into the petiole, gradually narrowed to the acute, obtuse or rounded and shortly cuspidate apex, mostly 1-3 dm. long, 6-10 cm. wide, sometimes even larger, chartaceous or firmer, often coriaceous, obviously revo- lute at least toward apex, lustrous especially above, the midnerve and 7-10 lateral nerves prominent beneath, the reticulation lax; racemes subspicate, 7-10-flowered, often 3 or 4 in axil, the rachis 3-20 mm. long, puberulent as the 1 mm. or shorter peduncle; floral leaves none; flowers yellowish or pale green, usually subsessile; calyx tubular, terete, 2.5-3 mm. long, 1.5 mm. thick, glabrate or minutely puberulent only without, the 5 teeth strongly unequal, 0.5-1 mm. long, 1 mm. wide, often connate; corolla infundibuliform, finally 16.5-18 mm. long; lobes 3-4.5 mm. long, glabrous within; filaments adnate two-thirds the length of tube, free 3.5 mm., smooth, pilose to above the middle; style 11.5-14 mm. long, pubescent toward tip; stigma capitate-discoid; fruit obovoid or subglobose, shortly attenuate at base, 8.5 mm. long, 6 mm. thick, black, violet or green; seeds 3, 5 mm. long, 3 mm. broad, 2 mm. thick, rounded dorsally, angled or plane on the inner face. Perhaps only varietally distinct from C. megalophyllum Dunal in DC. Prodr. 13, pt. 1: 638. 1852 (Morton, Journ. Arnold Arb. 17: 341. 1936); however, the typical form of DunaTs plant from Trinidad often has shorter dentate petioles, shorter flowers, equal calyx teeth, characters that may be inconstant or inconsequential. Illustrated, Francey, pi. 3, fig. 50 (flower). San Martin: Tarapoto, Spruce 4355. Jepelacio, Klug 3612 (det. Standley). San Roque, Williams 6970; 7617. Pongo de Cainarachi, Klug 2625. Huanuco: Exito to Balsaplaya, Vargas 5355. Puente Durand to Exito, Mexia 8155 (det. Morton, C. racemosum). Tingo Maria, Allard 21944 (det. Lyman Smith). Loreto: Yurimaguas, Poeppig 2315; Killip & Smith 28051; 28534; 29034; 29051; Williams 5277; Ferreyra 7839. Rio Mazan, Mexia 6463 (det. Standley). FLORA OF PERU 95 Pongo de Manseriche, Tessmann 4209. Iquitos, Ule 6240; Killip & Smith 27453; King 1083. Rio Nanay, Williams 627 (det. Werder- mann). Bolivia and Brazil to Central America. "Yanagara negra" (Mexia). Cestrum cancellatum Dunal in DC. Prodr. 13, pt. 1: 657. 1852; 136. Branches compressed above, sulcate-canaliculate, 3-4 mm. thick, apically leprose-tomentose; petioles 5 or 6 mm. long, 1-1.5 mm. thick, enlarged at base, stellate-tomentose as the inflorescence and younger leaves beneath, these ovate- or elliptic-lanceolate or oblong, long-attenuate or cuneate to base, in type acuminate to a very narrow acute tip, usually 1-2 dm. long, about 4-6 cm. wide, membranous, scarcely revolute, greenish-olive, glabrous and lustrous above, the slender lateral nerves 7-8, prominent and reticulate beneath; stipule- like leaves none; spikes axillary, 4.5-7 cm. long, stellate-tomentose; flowers sessile, rather fasciculate, the subpetiolate bractlets ovate- acuminate or cuspidate, 8-12 mm. long, 4 or 5 mm. wide; calyx lax, cyathiform, angled, 7-9 mm. long, 4 or 5 mm. thick, puberulent within, 5-nerved, the acute or acuminate teeth 2.5 mm. long, 2 mm. wide; corolla 3-3.5 cm. long, tube contracted above and below ovary, cylindric, subfiliform, dilated at throat, infundibuliform-clavate, about 27 mm. long, not constricted below the limb, yellowish, stellate- pilose and within pubescent, the ovate acuminate segments 7-8.5 mm. long, 2 mm. wide, marginally introflexed, densely tomentose without, puberulent within; stamens equal, filaments adnate to tube, 1-2 mm. free, glabrous, smooth, straight; ovary 16-ovuled; style 28 mm. long, slightly tomentulose only above, stigma capitate, bifid; berry sessile, ellipsoid, at least 6 mm. long with 10 seeds. The type by Poeppig fide Dunal from Rio Plata is doubtfully separable from C. strigillatum R. & P. var. calycinum (Willd.) Ktze. to which Francey in herb, referred Williams 6570 from Tarapoto; in mono- graph he referred the specimen to C. cancellatum, at least as to Peru; C. cancellatum, then, seems at most a variant. F.M. Neg. 2969. Peru (cf. note above). Brazil? Cestrum confertum R. & P. Fl. Peruv. 2: 29, pi. 153. 1799; 221. Glabrous except for some long evanescent lanosity at the growing tips, this indument reddish and enduring in the leaf axils; branches many, elongating, virgate, 3-5 mm. thick, becoming sulcate, the few branchlets 1-1.5 dm. long; leaves spreading, broadly elliptic 96 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII or obovate, acute or rounded at base, shortly acuminate or rounded and shortly cuspidate, 3.5-6 cm. long, about 2-4 cm. wide or some- what larger, coriaceous, rigid, revolute, nitidulous both sides, paler beneath, the midnerve and 4-6 (-8) lateral nerves there yellowish and very prominent; stipuliform leaves none; flowers sessile, 6-7 congested in the leaf axils and as many as 20 crowded apically; bracts linear, acuminate, 2 mm. long; calyx coriaceous, obconic, cyathiform, 3-4 mm. long, 2 mm. across, glabrous within but merely glandular without and the 5 broad teeth subacute or obtuse, mar- ginally tomentulose, 0.5 mm. long; corolla infundibuliform, green or slightly brown-violet, 18.5 mm. long, the tube contracted below the ovary, scarcely ampliate to apex or constricted below the limb, 15.5 mm. long, glabrous without, pulverulent within, the lobes (of the limb) 3-4.5 mm. long, broadly ovate or suborbicular (ex- planate), glabrous except for the puberulent margins; stamens un- equal, 14-15 mm. long, the filaments free for 2 mm., smooth, arcuate, not geniculate nor tumid, the adnate portion puberulent; anthers subquadrate; ovary attenuate at base, glabrate; style 1.5 cm. long, filiform, sparsely puberulent to base, stigma capitate; fruit ovoid- ellipsoid, fulvous, 4-5 mm. long, 2.5-3.5 mm. thick, subtended by the accrescent calyx; seeds brown, oblong, triangular, 3 mm. long, 1.5 mm. broad, 0.7 mm. thick. Var. grandifolium Francey, I.e. 22, seems to be only a particular name given to an individual with leaves to nearly 1 dm. long, lateral nerves 7-8, the greenish-yellow flowers noted by the collector as fragrant. The leaves are extremely rigid, and at each petiole base there is a little cushion of reddish trichomes (Francey). F.M. Neg. 18392. Huanuco: Panao, Chaglla and Muna, (Ruiz & Pavdn, type); 3961. Huacachi, 4184. Chaglla to Muna, 2,400 meters, Weber- bauer 6796. In sunny thicket, 2,100 meters, Muna, 4058 (type, var.). Junin: Carpapata, Prov. Tarma, Soukup 3466. Cestrum conglomeratum R. & P. Fl. Peruv. 2: 29, pi 156. 1799; 227. In general like C. confertum but the leaves (typically) 1-2 dm. long, 3.5-nearly 6.5 cm. wide, elliptic-lanceolate, acute at base, acuminate, subcoriaceous, the lateral nerves 9-11 and, as the reticu- late venation, prominent beneath; petioles 12-23 mm. long, gibbous at base; stipuliform leaves none; flowers sessile, (5-) 15-30 glomerate (typically) in the leaf axils, bracts (typically) elliptic-lanceolate, acute, glabrous or puberulent, 5 mm. long, bractlets linear, 2-3 mm. long; FLORA OF PERU 97 calyx tubular-poculiform, 3.5-5 mm. long, 2 mm. across, glabrous within as without except for the 5-7 acute teeth, these tomentose marginally and within, 1 mm. long and broad; corolla greenish- white, infundibuliform, 17 mm. long, tube contracted below the ovary, finally obconic, little ampliated to apex, not constricted below the limb, 13.5 mm. long, quite glabrous; lobes 5-7, 2-3 mm. long, acute, lightly puberulent and marginally tomentose only without; stamens 5-7, 10-12.5 mm. long, 1 or 2 shorter, the straight smooth glabrous filaments free for 2 (-5) mm.; ovary oblong or shortly ellipsoid, 8-ovulate, obconically stiped; style 12.5 mm. long, filiform, obscurely puberulent toward apex; stigma capitate. Var. Kunthii Dunal, DC. Prodr. 13, pt. 1: 620. 1852 (C. reticulatum Willd. ex Roem. & Schult. Syst. 4: 808. 1819), apparently only an individual variation, has more oblong-elliptic leaves, to 13 cm. long, to nearly 4 cm. wide, membranous but rigid; flowers 1.5 cm. long, 6-7-glomerate; fila- ments free for 5 mm.; bracts 2-3 mm. long; var. simulans Macbr., var. nov., ramulis foliisque subtus pileis minusve puberulentis; foliis ad 1 dm. longis, 6 cm. latis, acutis vel breviter acuminatis; this suggests C. falcatum with longer corollas, narrower leaves, and C. bolivianum Francey, I.e. 230, with narrower leaves, flowers 6-7 con- gested on a peduncle, and C. coriaceum as to Herrera, Synop. Fl. Cuzco 366. 1941, not Miers. Floral divisions are sometimes 6 or 7. Illustrated, Francey, 7: pi. 2, fig. 53 (flower); pi 3, fig. 28 (flower). F.M. Negs. 2971; 2973 (var.). According to Herrera an infusion of the leaves added to the popular beverage "chicha" serves as an excellent soporific. Cajamarca: Huanamarca and Cascas, Bonpland (type, var. Kun- thii). Huanuco: Panao, Ruiz & Pavdn, type. Near Muna, 4159. Yanano, 3714- Vilcabamba, Rio Chinchao, 5151. Junin: Dos de Mayo, Pichis Trail, Killip & Smith 25860. Apurimac: Prov. Aban- cay, Raimondi 11098. Cuzco: Calca, Herrera 2084. Urubamba Valley, Herrera 1124- Quispicanchis near Marcapata, Metcalf 30731 (type, var. simulans). Puno: Prov. Carabaya, Raimondi. Colombia. Cestrum dependens (R. & P.) Macbr., comb. nov. Sessea de- pendens R. & P. Veg. Syst. 44. 1798; Fl. Peruv. 2: 9, pi. 116. 1799; 217. S. Dombeyi Dunal in DC. Prodr. 13, pt. 1: 596. 1852. A slender tree to 10 meters high with spreading pendent branches, the younger (and the leaves beneath) very pulverulently floccose- tomentose; petioles 1-3.5 cm. long; leaves ovate- or oblong-lanceolate, acute or rounded at base, to 17 cm. long, 5.5 cm. wide, green above 98 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII and glabrate or somewhat pubescent with few-branched trichomes; inflorescence in type pendulous, to 3 dm. long, very narrow, simple or often shortly branched, the lower branches to 6.5 cm. long; calyx 7-9 (11) mm. long, somewhat unequally lobed, prominently 5-costate; corolla 2.5 cm. long, tube more or less contracted below and above ovary, broadly obconic, 14.5 mm. long, limb segments 5 mm. long, when expanded 4.5 mm. wide, margin glandular-tomentose, obscurely puberulent; stamens subequal, 14 mm. long, adnate 5.5 mm., free part little pilosulous basally; stigma capitate, exserted; ovary glabrous; capsules 13 mm. long, 4 mm. wide, the 4 valves 6 mm. long, 2.5 mm. wide. (Apparently these data, after Francey, I.e. 879, from Raimondi and Bolivia specimens.) Bitter pointed out that the Dunal type by Dombey was part of the same Ruiz and Pavon collection, the apparent differences, as finer leaf nerves, fewer flowers, unimportant. F.M. Negs. 3003; 6883 (S. Dombeyi). Huanuco: Distrito Churubamba, Mexia 8210 (det. Morton with query, S. stipulata). Junin: San Jose", Andamarca to Pangao, (Rai- mondi, det. Francey). Huasahuasi, Dombey; Ruiz & Pavon, type. Cuzco:Marcapata, Vargas 3709. Bolivia. "Pichi-pichi" (Mexia). Sessea discolor Francey, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 11: 985. 1934. Branches flexuose, costate, verruculose below, 1.5-3 mm. thick, puberulent only toward apex; petioles mostly 2-3 cm. long, sub- quadrate, often contorted basally; stipuliform leaves deciduous, ro- tund, 2-3.5 mm. long and wide, tomentulose beneath; leaves often pendent, elliptic-ovate-lanceolate, ordinarily broadest below the mid- dle, rounded or subacute at base, not decurrent, shortly and acutely attenuate at apex, 5.5-9 cm. long, 2.5-4.5 cm. wide, membranous, undulate, plane, opaque and glabrous above except the puberulent midnerve, beneath whitish-tomentulose, the 10-13 lateral nerves ob- vious; corymbs terminal, dense, 18 cm. long, 13 cm. broad, the branches strongly dichotomous, tomentose, the peduncles 7-10 cm. long; flowers congested, pedicels 0.5 mm. long; calyx attenuate be- low, tubular, 5.5 mm. long, 2.2 mm. thick, only without minutely pilose as the 5 minute rounded teeth marginally; corolla yellow, 18 mm. long, tube contracted below ovary, scarcely ampliate apically, 3.2 mm. broad, densely stellulate-pilose, 14.5 mm. long; lobes 2.8 mm. long, acute, puberulent only without, the margins lanate; stamens unequal, about 14 mm. long, the filaments free for 7 mm., slightly geniculate, incrassate and pilose, smooth, the adnate part FLORA OF PERU 99 obscurely puberulent; ovary densely pilose above, the stipe obconic; style 14.5 mm. long, glabrous as the capitate stigma. Leaves more tomentose beneath than the similar S. muUiflora Bitter; the several plants designated as species may prove to be variants of one or two; Balls' collection has flowers 2 cm. long or longer, but sessile or sub- sessile. This, if distinct from S. muUiflora, requires in Cestrum a new name (not C. discolor Dunal). Cuzco: Rocky brushy slopes below Colquipata, 3,200 meters, Pennell 13782, type. San Miguel, Cook & Gilbert 111*8. Quebrada de Paucartambo, Vargas 11183 (det. Standley) ; Balls B6673; H err era 2974. Bolivia. "Asnaj-salli" (Herrera). Cestrum Dunalii Francey, Candollea 6: 353. 1936. Branches erect, 1-2 mm. thick, pulverulent to puberulent- tomentulose, notably foliose with oblong-ovate-lanceolate leaves only 2-3 cm. long or slightly longer, 6-15 mm. wide, decurrent, acute or acuminate, membranous, reticulate-venose both sides, the 4-6 lateral nerves strongly ascending, conspicuous beneath, where sparsely puberulent, the upper surface glabrous; petioles 3-5 mm. long, grooved above; stipuliform leaves none; panicles terminal, sub- corymbose, often 11 cm. long, nearly as broad, the floral leaves petiolate, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, puberulent, 3-9 mm. long; flowers thyrsoid, 3-5 mm. distant, pedicels 2-3 mm. long, glandular, verruculose; calyx tubular-cupuliform, lax, angled, stoutly 5-nerved, 9.5 mm. long, glabrous without, papillose within, the unequal teeth often connate, these 3-5, acute, sinus acuminate; corolla 22.5 mm. long, tube contracted below and above ovary, obconic, 4 mm. broad at apex, not constricted below the limb, 17.5 mm. long, glabrous without, pilose on the adnate filaments, these free for 7.5-8 mm., little tumid or geniculate, villous-pilose; lobes of limb 4 mm. long, acute, glabrous except margins; ovary globose, shortly stiped, 16- ovulate; style 17.5 mm. long, glabrous, scarcely exceeding stamens; stigma capitate. The small leaves are distinctive in the group of species with pedicellate flowers and long calyces (author). F.M. Neg. 3251. Amazonas: Near Chachapoyas, Mathews 3251, type; Raimondi 923. Cestrum ellipticum Francey, Candollea 6: 216. 1936. Resembles the allied C. confertum but lax and with cushions of lanate pubescence in the petiole axils; the much larger leaves 100 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII (these 1-2 dm. long, about 4-7.5 cm. wide) elliptic-ovate-lanceolate, long-acute or acuminate, lustrous both sides, with 12 or more lateral nerves; petioles to 1.5 cm. long; stipuliform leaves ovate-falcate, at least 1 cm. wide, 1.5-2 cm. long; bracts lanceolate, 3-5 mm. long; calyx tubular-urceolate, 3.5 mm. long, 1.5 mm. across, gla- brous except for the marginally puberulent acute teeth; corolla 21.5 mm. long, the long cylindric tube ampliate-clavate toward apex, 17.5 mm. long, glabrous within as without; stamens 17 mm. long, often unequal, entirely glabrous. This species is characterized by the regularly elliptic leaves, the nerves prominent beneath con- trasting with the clear green of the leaf blades (author). Ayacucho: Ccarrapa, 1,200 meters, Killip & Smith 23229. Bolivia. Cestrum falcatum Francey, Candollea 6: 228. 1936. Similar to C. conglomeratum but more or less puberulent, especially the younger parts, and the membranous leaves often plicate-falcate; petioles 6-8 mm. long, sulcate above where densely puberulent; stipuliform leaves on upper branches ovate-falcate, acute or acu- minate, to 2 cm. long, half as wide, glabrous in age; leaves spreading or pendent, oblong-subovate to lanceolate, frequently unequal, acutely decurrent into petiole, attenuate and shortly acuminate at apex, 8-10 cm. long, 2.5- nearly 4 cm. wide, rigid, often plicate- falcate, the slender nerves 10-12, prominent beneath; flowers sessile, many in the leaf axils, the rachis 5-8 mm. long, densely tomentose; bracts lanceolate, acuminate, about 5 mm. long, the bractlets 2 mm. long, densely ferruginous-tomentose; calyx tubular-poculiform, 3.5-4 mm. long, 1.5-2 mm. thick, subterete, completely glabrous except the densely ciliate margins of the 5-6 triangular acute teeth, these 0.5 mm. long, 0.6 mm. thick; corolla 19 mm. long, tube contracted below ovary, finally obconic, little ampliate, 15.5 mm. long, glabrous or within obscurely puberulent; lobes 3.5 mm. long, nearly as wide, puberulent marginally; stamens 14.5-15 mm. long, free 3.5-5.5 mm., straight, smooth; ovary globose, 6-ovulate, the stout stipe glandular; style filiform, 1.5 cm. long, glabrous, the stigma capitate. Resembles strongly C. conglomeratum but the leaves generally plicate (author) ; may prove to be a geographical variant but flowers longer and more slender, stipules present; Soukup 3674 (det. Lyman Smith, C. conglomeratum) has the pubescence and leaves of S. flexuosum but the inflorescence of C. conglomeratum R. & P. and the ovate-falcate stipules of C. falcatum; it lacks the many subparallel nerves of C. Mathewsii, which otherwise it simulates; apparently new at least to FLORA OF PERU 101 Peru, it may be noted as C. falcatum Francey var. Soukupii Macbr., var. nov., stipulis ovato-falcatis, 5-8 mm. longis, 3-5 mm. latis, foliis subtus sparse stellulatio-puberulis, corollis 1.5 cm. longis. Used as a soporific (Herrera). Lima: Conception, Hacienda Ingenio, Soukup 3674 (type, var.). Cuzco: Rio Urubamba, 2,800 meters, (Herrera 734, type). Hacienda de Urcos, Karl Schmidt (det. Standley, C. conglomeratum). "Nucjan" (Herrera). Oestrum flexuosum Francey, Candollea 6: 179. 1936. Branches flexuose, 1.7-4.5 mm. thick, tomentose-pulverulent to- ward the foliose tips; petioles slender, 9-12 mm. long; leaves oblong- lanceolate, slightly decurrent at acute base, long-acuminate, often unequal, about 6-7.5 cm. long, 2-2.5 cm. wide or somewhat wider, subcoriaceous, minutely revolute, glabrous, smooth, opaque above, sparsely puberulent all over beneath, reticulate-nerved, the mid- nerve as the 7-9 lateral prominent; stipuliform leaves none (or early deciduous); racemes axillary, peduncles flexuose, 2- nearly 7 cm. long, 5-7-flowered; pedicels 0.5 mm. long, glabrous, the sub- tending bracts oblong, acute, 13 mm. long, 6 mm. wide; calyx poculi- form, scarcely costate above, 5 mm. long, 3.5 mm. thick, coriaceous, glandular but glabrous, 7-nerved, papillose within, the 7 unequal teeth acute, 0.5-0.8 mm. long, 1 mm. wide, marginally pilosulous; corolla 22 mm. long, the tube contracted below the ovary, cylindric, gradually ampliate to 4.5 mm. broad, obscurely constricted below limb, 19 mm. long, glabrous within and without, the 6 lobes 2.2 mm. long, acute or (explanate) obtuse, glabrous except the lanate margins; stamens 6, equal, 18 mm. long, the filaments free for 5.5 mm., geniculate, little dentate, slightly pilose; ovary globose, 20-ovulate, the filiform style verruculose-pilosulous at apex; stigma capitate; fruit black, globose, stipitate, 12 mm. thick, with 9 broadly oblong little compressed seeds 4-^4.5 mm. long, 2-3 mm. broad, 0.7-1 mm. thick; cotyledons ovate. Huanuco: Muiia to Tambo de Vaca, 2,000 meters, 4310 type. Cestrum foliosum Francey, Candollea 6: 260. 1936. Glabrous or essentially, the branches sparsely verruculose, 5 mm. thick, the virgate elongate branchlets pulverulent only apically but exceptionally foliose; petioles 2.5-4 mm. long, little enlarged basally, scarcely canaliculate; stipuliform leaves persisting, geminate, acute, 102 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII 2.5-6 mm. long, 2-3 mm. wide; leaves widely spreading (internodes only 6-12 mm. long), narrowly ovate-lanceolate, rounded or obtuse at base where little decurrent, long-acuminate, often 3.5-5 cm. long, 1-1.5 cm. wide, membranous, concolor, nitidulous, reticulate-nerved, the 7-8 arcuate lateral nerves prominent both sides; racemes axillary, leafy, 2-3 (-6) -flowered, the rachis 3-16 mm. long, obscurely puber- ulent, the floral leaves subsessile, ovate-lanceolate, 6-11 cm. long, 1-3.5 cm. wide, the bracts filiform, 1-1.5 mm. long; peduncle 1-1.5 mm. long, apically bracteate; pedicels 1-2 mm. long, glabrous or obscurely glandular; calyx cyathiform, 2.5 mm. long, 2 mm. across, glandular pilose only above, glabrous within, the 5 acute teeth 0.3 mm. long, 0.8 mm. wide, the nerves slender; corolla to 27.5 mm. long, tube below ovary suddenly, above gradually, contracted, long- cylindric, gradually ampliate three-fourths of its length, clavate at apex, 3.3 mm. broad, constricted below the limb, 23.5 mm. long, purplish without, greenish within, quite glabrous; lobes of limb 3 mm. long, glabrous without, glandular within, margins minutely puberulent; stamens unequal, about 23 mm. long, the filaments free for 2 mm., glabrous, smooth; ovary ellipsoid, shortly stiped, 6-ovulate; style 24.5 mm. long, very minutely puberulent toward the capitate stigma. The flowers resemble those of C. sparsiflorum Britton, C. papyraceum Rusby and C. rigidum Rusby of Bolivia, the first with acuminate calyx teeth, stipuliform leaves none (appar- ently), the second with extremely thin leaves, filaments free for 1 mm., lateral nerves 9-10, and the third with filaments free for 3 mm., lateral nerves 9-13; stipuliform leaves persist in the latter two; here, as elsewhere in this genus where so many similar plants have been proposed as species, only much more observation will determine if the relatively slight variations upon which some have been based are constant and taxonomically significant. The author describes the leaves as membranous but also as rigid; in the her- barium they seem to be chartaceous; a specimen by Stork and Horton (10153} was referred to C. peruvianum Willd. by Standley, with query but probably sens. lat. correctly; in some herbaria it has been referred here but it seemed to me to be nearer C. Raimond- ianum; possibly more than one species was distributed under this number. Huanuco: Villcabamba, Rio Chinchao, 5203. Bolivia. Cestrum Franceyi Macbr., nom. nov. Sessea pedicellata Fran- cey, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 11: 882. 1933, not Sendt., 986. FLORA OF PERU 103 Branches slender, early trigonous and densely pulverulent- puberulent, soon smooth and glabrate; petioles 12-25 mm. long, narrowly canaliculate, not enlarged at base, puberulent; adult leaves oblong- or elliptic-lanceolate, unequally acute or subacute at base, shortly and acutely attenuate at apex, 1.5 dm. long or longer, about 3.5-5 cm. wide (the narrower younger rounded at base, long- acuminate), subcoriaceous, minutely revolute, somewhat lustrous olive-green above, minutely stellate pilose beneath, reticulate both sides, the 11-13 lateral nerves nearly straight; stipuliform leaves none; lateral branches of panicles elongate, strongly dichotomous apically; flowers pale yellow, 21.5 mm. long, pedicels 1-1.5 mm. long, hirsute-pilose as calyx, this 5 mm. long, glabrous within, with 5 semiorbicular crenations 0.5 mm. long; corolla densely stellate- pilose, very acute lobes 2 mm. long; stamens unequal, filaments villous at medial insertion. Type a 2-meter tall shrub; ovary densely pilose. Capsule 7 mm. long, 2.5 mm. thick, elongate, parted into 4 valves (Francey); Vargas specimen has shorter (but perhaps not fully developed) corollas and the leaves are pubescent as those of S. discolor. Cuzco: Near Lares, 2,900 meters, Prov. Calca, Weberbauer 7895, type; Vargas 3604? Cestrum glaucophyllum Francey, Candollea 6: 149. 1936. Tree more or less stellulate-tomentulose, the trichomes often fer- ruginous and extending to the calyces without where more villous in character, the branches 3-6 mm. thick, the branchlets 1-2 mm., vir- gate; petioles 3-10 mm. long; leaves erect, narrowly ovate- or oblong- lanceolate, rounded or subacute at base but not decurrent, narrowly attenuate-acuminate, mostly 7-16 cm. long, 2-5 cm. wide, membra- nous, subrevolute, green and lustrous above, the midnerve slightly puberulent, obscurely reticulate, scarcely paler beneath but the 5-8 lateral nerves and the reticulate veins there prominent; stipuliform leaves none; spikes axillary, (1) 2-3-flowered, the filiform flexuose rachis 2.5-6 cm. long; peduncles short; bracts linear, petiolate, about 1 cm. long, marginally pilose; calyx lax, tubular-poculiform, to 14.5 mm. long (!), 4 mm. thick, slightly obconic below, glabrous within, 4-5-dentate, 5-nerved; teeth triangular-lanceolate, acuminate, 4.5 mm. long, often connate; corolla pale green, nearly 3.5 cm. long, the tube below the ovary manifestly, above scarcely, contracted, long- cylindric, abruptly ampliate at apex, 4 mm. broad, constricted below the limb, 2.5 cm. long, glabrous without and within, segments 8.5 mm. 104 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII long, incurved, narrowly lanceolate, acute or explanate, elliptic-lan- ceolate, obtuse, papillose-glandular without, glabrous within, or mar- ginally puberulent; stamens 24.5 mm. long, the filaments free only 1.5 mm., smooth, glabrous; ovary globose, shortly stiped, 12-ovulate; style 2.5 cm. long, filiform, densely pilosulous at apex; stigma discoid; fruit oblong, sessile, 1.5 cm. long, 7.5 mm. thick, the 11 mature seeds oblong-angled acute, 4.5-5.5 mm. long, 0.7-1.2 mm. thick; cotyledons elliptic. Suggests in character of calyx, leaves and indument the species C. calycinum HBK., C. strigillatum R. & P. and C. cancellatum Dunal; it differs from them essentially by the glabrous corolla tube (author). The fruit is tardily valvate at apex; thus toward section Sessea. Illustrated, Francey, I.e. 7: pi. 1, fig. 31+ (flower). Junin: Pichis Trail, in dense forest, Killip & Smith 257J.O, type. Cestrum Humboldtii Francey, Candollea 6: 393. 1936. Related to C. petiolare; stipuliform leaves ovate, 4.5-7 mm. long, 3 or 4 mm. wide; leaves erect to spreading, ovate- or oblong-lanceo- late, shortly acute or acuminate, 13-17 cm. long, about 7.5-8 cm. wide, subcoriaceous, not revolute, more or less densely puberulent on the nerves above, stellate-pilose, especially the nerves, beneath, the lateral nerves 13 or 14; panicles axillary, rather long-peduncled, ra- chis branched at base, 1.5-4.5 cm. long, bracts filiform, 4 or 5 mm. long, pilose; calyx tubular-poculiform, 4 or 5 mm. long, 2.5 mm. thick, densely pilose without, papillose within, the 5 teeth 0.8 mm. long and broad; corolla 16.5 mm. long, the tube purple, distinctly contracted only below the ovary (typically), scarcely ampliate, 3.7 mm. broad, 13 mm. long, glabrous without, the lobes triangular- lanceolate, 3 mm. long, glabrous or nearly except the margins gland- ular without; stamens 12.5 mm. long, filaments free for 5 mm., slightly geniculate 2 mm. above the insertion, reflexed pilose, not denticulate; fruit black, 4.5 mm. thick, 3 rugulose seeds 2.5-3 mm. long, 1.5-2 mm. broad, at least 1 mm. thick. Var. calycinum Francey, 394, has oblong leaves, acute at base, petioles to 6.5 cm. long, calyx 6 mm. long, the often connate teeth 1.5 mm. long, corolla tube slightly clavate above, constricted below the limb, the lobes 3.5 mm. long, the stamens adnate three-fifths length of tube. With C. petiolare, this species is allied to Central American species C. calo- neurum Pittier and C. calycosum Pittier (author). C. Dielsii Werd., Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 12: 373. 1934, from adjacent Ecuador (Rio Pastaza valley), while of this alliance (author) has a short inflores- cence. FLORA OF PERU 105 Huanuco: Pampayacu, Rio Chinchao, 51 29, type. Mufia, trail to Tambo de Vaca, 2,400 meters, 4332 (type, var.). Cestrum laevifolium Francey, Candollea 7: 62. 1936. Type a small slender glabrous (unless floral parts) tree about 4.5 meters tall with elongate branches and narrowly oblong-lanceo- late attenuately acuminate leaves about 1-1.5 dm. long, 2.5-5 cm. wide, decurrent on petioles 10-12 mm. long, subopaque above, lus- trous beneath with 8 or 9 arcuate-ascending lateral nerves; stipules none; racemes axillary, the 6-8 subsessile whitish-green flowers 2.25 cm. long; bracts many, filiform, 1-1.5 mm. long; calyx tubular- campanulate, scarcely costate, 3.8 mm. long, papillose within, the 5 unequal teeth 0.6-0.9 mm. long, sparsely pilosulous; corolla pale green, infundibuliform, barbate within at base and at filament in- sertion, the lobes 3.5 mm. long, glabrous except the edges; filaments straight, 4 mm. free; ovary 6-ovulate; stigma capitate, included. Extremity of the leaf is characteristic (author). Junin: San Nicolas, Pichis Trail, Killip & Smith 26074, type. Cestrum lanuginosum R. & P. Fl. Peruv. 2: 30, pi. 157. 1799; 168. Erect shrub, known to attain about 2 meters, conspicuously lanu- ginose or lanate-hirsute except the older leaves above and the corollas, the latter quite glabrous within and without; branches lax, 1.5-3 mm. thick, the leafy axillary flowering branchlets 4-9 cm. long, 1-1.5 mm. thick; petioles densely lanate-hirsute, 5-7 mm. long, com- pressed; stipuliform leaves often obliquely ovate, about 2 cm. long, half as wide; mature leaves spreading or pendent, cordate-ovate or incised at base, scarcely decurrent, acute or subobtusely acuminate, about 6.5-10 cm. long, 4.5-7 cm. wide, membranous, slightly if at all revolute, early puberulent above, finally glabrate, lustrous, the 8 to 9 lateral nerves and reticulate veins rather prominent beneath; flowers 5-8-fasciculate at branchlet tips and in the axils of foliaceous acumi- nate bracts, 12-16 mm. long, 4-6 mm. wide, the filiform bractlets 1.5-3 mm. long, densely stellate-lanate; flowers sessile, the obconic- cyathiform calyx about 6 mm. long, 2.5 mm. thick, glabrous within, the 4 or 5 broadly ovate acute teeth 1.2 mm. long and wide, the nerves slender; corolla 24 mm. long, yellowish-green, the tube below the ovary suddenly, above gradually, contracted, in age obconic, scarcely constricted below the limb, 21 mm. long; lobes 2.5 mm. long, ovate, puberulent without, glabrous within, marginally tomen- 106 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII tose; stamens 4 or 5, 21 mm. long, the filaments free for 7 mm., this portion basally geniculate, often shortly dentate above, quite gla- brous; anthers subcordate; ovary globose, glabrous, 10-ovulate, style capillaceous, 2.5 cm. long, minutely puberulent at tip; stigma capi- tate; fruit violet-colored, ellipsoid, sessile, 8 mm. long, 5.5 mm. thick, maturing 6 rugulose somewhat arcuate compressed oblong often truncate seeds 4.5-5.5 mm. long, 2.5-3 mm. broad, 1-1.5 mm. thick; cotyledons rotund. Illustrated, Francey, Candollea 7: pi. 1, fig. 50; fig. 59 (flower); fig. 61 (calyx). F.M. Neg. 2984. Huanuco: Near Pozuzo, Ruiz & Pavdn, type. Arequipa: Atiqui- pa, (Raimondi 1312}; Ruiz & Pavdn (Tafalla), type. Cestrum longiflorum R. & P. Fl. Peruv. 2: 28, pi. 154* 1799; 235. Known to attain 8 meters, the younger parts mostly lightly puber- ulent, as the leaves glabrous in age, the erect branches to 5 mm. thick; petioles at least 1 cm. long, arcuate or sometimes uncinate at base where enlarged; stipuliform leaves none; leaves spreading, ovate- oblong, subacute or rounded at base, acuminate, often 1- nearly 2 dm. long, nearly 3-7 dm. wide, subcoriaceous but rigid, very lus- trous above, reticulate-veined both sides, the 18-20 lateral nerves impressed above, prominent beneath; panicles terminal, lax, 5.5- 12 cm. long, the pulverulent rachis 2.5-5.5 cm. long, dark purple, peduncles branched, slightly lanuginose, 1.5 to many cm. long, the numerous flowers sessile or shortly pedicellate; bracts lanceolate- ciliate, 12 mm. long; calyx poculiform-tubular, basally obconic, 6- 7 mm. long, 4 mm. thick, coriaceous, early obscurely glandular and very sparsely puberulent without or often essentially glabrous, pu- bescent within, the 5 nerves obscure, the 5 subobtuse teeth only 0.75 mm. wide; corolla nearly 4-5.6 cm. long, light green, the tube basally contracted, finally long-cylindric, apically ampliate, arcuate, 3-4.5 cm. long, 2-3 mm. across, quite glabrous; lobes of limb 9 mm. long, 3-4 mm. wide, acute, glabrous except the lanate margins; sta- mens equal, the filaments adnate to apex of tube, obscurely pubes- cent, the free part 2 mm. long, smooth; anthers subelliptic; ovary multi-ovulate, the disk glandular; style filiform, 4-5.7 cm. long, hir- sute above; stigma capitate, puberulent; fruit ovoid, 2-celled, pur- plish, subsessile, 12-16 mm. long, 6-8 mm. thick, the subtending calyx cupuliform; seeds about 50, 2-3 mm. long, 1.5-2.5 mm. broad, 0.5-1 mm. thick, angled; cotyledons ovate. F.M. Neg. 18393. FLORA OF PERU 107 Huanuco: Chinchao, Macora and Cuchero, Ruiz & Pawn, type. Rio Pozuzo, at the Rio Palcazu, 1,800 meters, Weberbauer 6779. Rio Hualyaco Canyon, below Rio Santo Domingo, 4257. Junin: Palca, Weberbauer 11995. Huacapistana, 5820; Killip & Smith 24101. "Yerba hedionda." Cestrum loretense Francey, Candollea 6: 225. 1936. A small shrub, glabrous except for some pubescence in the ex- tremely short 5-8-flowered axillary spike; branches 3.5^4.5 mm. thick, conspicuously verruculose, the erect branchlets broadly sul- cate, 2-3 mm. thick; petioles stout, 4-6 mm. long, stipuliform leaves none; leaves ascending, often curved toward apex, elliptic-lanceolate, attenuate to acute base but not decurrent, long-acuminate, often 1-2 dm. long, 4-7 cm. wide, coriaceous, not revolute, not or slightly lustrous both sides, the 8-10 lateral nerves impressed above, very prominent as the reticulate venation beneath; rachis of spikes to 7 mm. long, reddish-tomentose, the lanceolate acuminate bracts 3- 7 mm. long, obscurely puberulent, the flowers sessile; calyx poculi- form, angled, strongly costate, 4.5 mm. long, 2.5 mm. across, scarcely pilose without, glabrous within, the 5 triangular acuminate teeth 1 mm. long, puberulent marginally; corolla 2.5 cm. long, tube con- tracted below ovary, finally cylindric, gradually ampliate to the cla- vate apex, constricted below limb, 18.5 mm. long, glabrous without, barbate within on or near adnate portion of filaments, these free for 1.5-3.5 mm., straight, smooth, the acuminate lobes glabrous except the margins; ovary globose, 7-ovulate, the filiform style densely puberulent apically, 18 mm. long; stigma capitate; fruit shortly stiped, oblong, 8 mm. long, 5.5 mm. thick, maturing 4-angled costate compressed acute seeds 4-5.5 mm. long, 2.5-3 mm. broad, 1.5-2 mm. thick. Marked by large leaves and conspicuously nerved calyx. Loreto: La Victoria, Williams 3129, type. Cestrum Macbridei Francey, Candollea 6: 262. 1936. Type a small shrub 1.5 meters high, quite glabrous (but in fruit), the branches stout, 5 or 6 mm. thick, the elongate branchlets densely foliose; petioles 4-6 mm. long, canaliculate above, slightly incrassate at base; stipuliform leaves geminate, persisting, sessile, ovate-falcate, acute, 2.5-15 mm. long, 1-8 mm. wide; internodes 9-15 mm. long; leaves erect-spreading or widely spreading, narrowly lanceolate, acutely decurrent at base, narrowly long-acuminate or cuspidate, mostly 6-14 cm. long, 1-1.5 cm. wide, coriaceous, nearly concolor, 108 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII nitidulous, finely reticulate-nervose, the 13-14 arcuate ascending lateral nerves rather obscure above, obvious and flavescent beneath; spikes axillary, 4-6-flowered, the stout rachis to 13 mm. long; pedi- cels 1-2 mm. long, 2-3 mm. thick; fruit in calyx cupuliform, 2 mm. long, 5 mm. across, glandular without, the 5 nerves thick but not conspicuous, the 5 teeth triangular, acute, 1 mm. long, 2.5 mm. wide, margins obscurely puberulent; fruit black, sessile, ellipsoid, 8.5 mm. long, 6 mm. thick, the 4 immature seeds pale green. Resembles C. foliosum Francey in stipules, position of leaves and branches but differs basically in form and dimension of leaves; also related to C. rigidum Rusby and C. papyraceum Rusby (author); some fruits have opened shortly at tip. Junin: Hacienda Schunke near La Merced, 1,200 meters, 5724-, type. Cestrum maleolens Macbr., nom. nov. Sessea stipulata R. & P. Syst. Veg. 1: 44. 1789 not C. stipulatum Veil.; 200. Branchlets toward tip, leaves especially beneath and much- branched subcorymbose panicles more or less floccose-tomentose with candelabra-branched trichomes, this indument more or less re- duced, extending to the calyx and ovary at apex; petioles often 2- 2.5 cm. long; leaves membranous, lanceolate or elliptic-lanceolate, mostly obliquely rounded or more or less cordate, acutely or sub- obtusely acuminate, the larger often about 1 (-1.5) dm. long (grad- ually reduced upward), about a third as wide and commonly with 1 (or 2) sessile or petioled eventually deciduous stipuliform leaves opposite them, the persisting leaves sordid-green or drying brownish- rufescent above with 11 to 16 curved ascending prominent (some- what impressed above) lateral nerves; inflorescences 1.5-2.5 dm. long; calyx narrowly campanulate- tubular, 7.5-8 mm. long, the acute or acuminate lanceolate teeth 1-1.5 mm. long; corolla 15-17 mm. long, glabrous only near base, the densely tomentose lobes 2-2.5 mm. long; filaments 6 mm. long with a few slender trichomes toward base (Bitter) ; ovary densely pseudostellate-tomentose at the bilobed apex; stigma obscurely bilobed; capsule exserted, 1 cm. long, glabrous be- low, 4-valved, the usually 4 alate seeds about 8 mm. long. Miers described the filaments as retrorsely pilose. Sometimes a small tree 5 meters tall with a trunk diameter of 1.5 dm. near base; the flowers as well as the foliage have an extremely disagreeable odor; the cap- sule, black when mature, dries brown in herbaria. Illustrated, Miers, 111. South Amer. Bot. pi. 15. F.M. Neg. 3006. FLORA OF PERU 109 Huanuco : Acomayo, Woytkowski 34263 (det. Cuatrecasas) . Ron- dos, Ruiz & Pavdn. Junin: Huasahausi, Ruiz & Pav6n, type. Bolivia. Cestrum Mancoi Macbr., nom. nov. Sessea Weberbaueri Bitter, Repert. Sp. Nov. 18: 211. 1922, not C. Weberbaueri Francey, 1936. Type a shrub 3 meters tall with subvirgate branches, rather sim- ilar especially in indument to S. stipulate, R. & P. but the olive green leaves glabrate in age above, little paler beneath and stipule-like leaves lacking or caducous and calyx teeth obsolete; petioles about 1.5-2 cm. long; lower leaves at most 1 dm. long, 4 cm. wide, all mostly rounded and broader at base, gradually attenuate to obtuse or subobtuse tip, firm-membranous, the veins reticulate, impressed above; calyx tubular, (7) 8-9 mm. long, truncate; corolla sulphur yellow, about 2 cm. long, tube 5.5 mm. across at top, the narrowly triangular teeth 3 mm. long; filaments glabrous, scarcely 3 mm. long; stigma obtusely capitate. F.M. Neg. 3007. In Cestrum the name of this shrub may recall Manco Inca not, unless by historical association, the legendary Manco Capac (cf. Prescott's "Conquest of Peru"). Manco Inca was the last of his race animated by the heroic spirit of the ancient Incas (Prescott) . Now I have recorded in this work, at least to my own satisfaction, several of the better-known Inca personalities at about the time of Pizarro's conquest (cf. Field Mus. Bot. 11: 13, 15, 23. 1931). Apurimac: Among evergreen shrubs on grass-steppes, 2,900 me- ters, Andahuaylas to Huancarama, Weberbauer 5913, type; Velarde Nunez 1388. Cestrum Mathewsii Dunal in DC. Prodr. 13, pt. 1: 637. 1852; 243. Branches stout (to 8 mm. thick), broadly sulcate, brown-reddish, glandular with paler elliptic glands; petioles enlarged at base, scarcely canaliculate above, glabrous, 13-16 mm. long; stipuliform leaves au- riculate-ovate or oblong, subobtuse, 5 or 6 mm. long and nearly 3 mm. wide; leaves widely spreading, oblong-lanceolate, long-attenuate to the often unequal base, not decurrent, long-acuminate and subcus- pidate, about 13-16.5 cm. long, 2.5-3.5 cm. wide, subcoriaceous, rigid, subrevolute, lustrous especially beneath, glabrous both sides, the 18-21 lateral nerves parallel, little impressed above, prominent beneath; racemes axillary, subspicate, about 8-flowered, geminate or 110 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII ternate, sometimes solitary, the 7-11 mm. long rachis tomentulose; bracts many, linear, acuminate, strongly revolute, 4-6 mm. long; pedicels 0.5-1 mm. long, glabrous as the tubular-poculiform calyx without, this pilose within only above, 3-3.5 mm. long, 1.5 mm. thick, coriaceous, the 5 unequal teeth subacute, 0.7-1 mm. long, marginally densely pilose, the nerves thickened toward apex; corolla 14-18.5 mm. long, the tube scarcely contracted below ovary, grad- ually inf undibulif orm toward the middle, clavate to apex, constricted below the limb, 16 mm. long, completely glabrous; lobes of the limb ovate, 2.5 mm. long, glabrous without, obscurely puberulent within; stamens subequal, 14.5-15 mm. long, the filaments adnate (three- fifths) four-fifths their length, glabrous, the free part not tumid, smooth; anthers orbicular; ovary 4-ovulate, disk glandular; style 15.5 mm. long, densely but minutely puberulent above; stigma capi- tate. The great number of primary nerves is characteristic (Francey). Simulates C. conglomeration R. & P. but rachis, while short, is some- what developed and leaves are entirely different; the corolla in type collection, Washington, as in the Conchan shrub is usually 15-17 mm' long, the filaments of the latter free for 5 mm. F.M. Neg. 8576. Cajamarca: South of Conchan, Prov. Chota, 2,500 meters, Stork 6 Horton 10068. Amazonas: Chachapoyas, Mathews, type, Geneva Herbarium. Sessea multiflora Bitter, Repert. Sp. Nov. 18: 212. 1922, not Oestrum multiflorum R. & S. Related and similar to C. Mancoi; petioles of larger leaves 2.5- 3 cm. long; leaves very sparsely puberulent above, oblong-lanceolate, the lower about 1.5 dm. long, 5- nearly 6 cm. wide, often with 1-2 sessile obtuse leaves about 1 cm. long and wide in the axils; lateral nerves 14-16, the veins scarcely articulate-impressed; panicles am- ple, to 2.5 dm. long; calyx truncate, tubular-campanulate, 5-5.5 mm. long; corolla tube 4-5 mm. broad at apex, lobes ovate, 3.5 mm. long; filaments 7 mm. long, with a few branched and simple trichomes toward base; stigma obliquely capitate; capsule obovoid-ellipsoid, 7 mm. long, 3 mm. thick, the 4 coriaceous valves glabrous below for 5 mm. S. Herzogii Damm., Meded. Herb. Linden 29: 1916, of Bo- livia, has densely flowered corymbs about 5 cm. long, the stellate pilose leaves obviously reticulate-veined above. Type near a house where perhaps planted or cultivated (Weberbauer) . My collections were distributed by me as S. stipulate, R. & P.; they seem to be inter- mediate to S. multiflora and S. discolor Francey; like the latter, if FLORA OF PERU 111 valid, it requires in Oestrum a new name. From a tree 3-5 meters tall. F.M. Neg. 3005. Huanuco: Mito, 1^86. Yanahuanca, 1235. Puno: Sandia, 2,400 meters, Weberbauer 599, type. Oestrum nemanthum Dunal in DC. Prodr. 13, pt. 1: 637. 1852; 306. Glabrous, or noticeably puberulent only in the very short axillary spikes, the branches curved, 3-4 mm. thick, the branchlets spreading or pendent, foliose to apex, floriferous entire length; stipuliform leaves none; petioles 6-10 mm. long, canaliculate above, incrassate at base; leaves erect or pendent, deciduous from the branches, ob- long- or elliptic-lanceolate, narrowed to base and decurrent, subob- tusely acuminate, 9-15.5 cm. long, 2.5-7 cm. wide, subcoriaceous or chartaceous, plane, concolor, rather lustrous, the 6 to 7 lateral nerves only moderately conspicuous either surface; spikes 2-5-flowered, the pulverulent rachis 1-5 mm. long, the bracts hardly 1 mm. long; flowers subsessile; calyx tubular above a cyathiform base, annulate, 3 mm. long, 1.7 mm. thick, obscurely puberulent without, glabrous within, the 5 nerves stout, the 5 acute teeth 0.5 mm. long, 0.7 mm. wide, apically pilose; corolla 15.5 mm. long, tube contracted above and below ovary, finally infundibuliform, slightly ampliate to apex, constricted below limb, 12 mm. long, entirely glabrous; lobes 3.5 mm. long, tomentulose without, puberulent within, stamens 10 or 11 mm. long, the filaments adnate only to middle of tube, free for 4 or 5 mm., smooth, at middle and base of tube pilose; ovary globose, obconically stiped; style 11 mm. long, incrassate toward tip, glabrous; stigma capitate. This is distinguished from C. Baenitzii Lingels. by the form of the leaves; these are unique because all the nerves, while visible, are rather obscure, the leaves thus having a soft smooth appearance on both surfaces (Francey) ; type, fide Dunal, by Glaus- sen! So the citation must be a lapsus calami by the author or by Francey; compare C. silvaticum Francey or perhaps C. loretense. Huanuco: Chicoplaya, (Ruiz & Pavdn, type, Geneva, fide Francey). Brazil. Oestrum obscurum Francey, Candollea 6: 302. 1936. Glabrous or essentially except the short axillary racemes, these 1.5-2 cm. long, 3-5-flowered, often geminate or ternate; branches flexuose, 2-3 mm. thick, angulate and somewhat sulcate toward the dark purple tips; stipuliform leaves none; petioles canaliculate above, 112 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII 7-12 mm. long; leaves spreading, oblong or elliptic, acute or nar- rowed and decurrent at base, shortly acuminate or very acute, many 9-12 cm. long, about 3-6 cm. wide, membranous but rigid, undulate, often bullate, subopaque above, pale and opaque beneath, the mid- nerve there prominent and dark brown as the 9 or 10 arcuate lateral nerves; rachis about 7 mm. long, filiform, glabrous; peduncles only 0.5-2 mm. long, the bractlets scarcely 1 mm. long, puberulent; flowers sessile; calyx tubular, 2.5 mm. long, 1.5 mm. thick, quite glabrous including the 5 ovate acute teeth, these 0.7 mm. long, 1 mm. wide; corolla green, 15.5 mm. long, the tube not constricted, scarcely ampliate at apex, 13 mm. long, entirely glabrous; lobes 2-2.5 mm. long, acuminate or very acute, puberulent only without, the margins there tomentulose; stamens 12.5 mm. long, free for 2.5 mm., smooth, long-pilose for three-fifths their length; ovary subquadrate; style 12 mm. long, glabrous, the stigma capitate. The deep purple of the branches, the flowering peduncles, the abruptly decurrent leaves on the petiole and the slender flowers are the unique characters of this species (author). Illustrated, Francey, I.e. 7: pi. 2, fig, 54 (flower); pL 3, fig. 52 (calyx). Junin: La Merced, (Weberbauer 1930, type). Cestrum osnoense Macbr., nom. nov. Sessea graciliflora Bitter, Repert. Sp. Nov. 18: 214. 1922, not C. graciflorum Francey. In indument and many other characters resembles S. multiflora Bitter; branches suberect, densely yellowish floccose-tomentose, as the leaves beneath; petioles 2.5-3.7 cm. long; leaves elliptic or ovate- elliptic, the larger 1-1.5 dm. long to 6 cm. wide, veins impressed above; calyx tubular, truncate, 3-3.5 mm. long; corolla narrowly tubular, 22 mm. long, only 3 mm. across at apex, the rhomboid- triangular lobes 3 mm. long; filaments 5-6 mm. long, rather densely and simply pubescent; ovary densely pubescent all over; stigma obliquely capitate. A shrub, 3 meters high, or probably more or less, with divaricately much-branched inflorescence. F.M. Neg. 3004. Ayacucho: Between Tambo above Osno and the Rio Apurimac, 3,200 meters, Weberbauer 5582, type. Cuzco: Paucartambo, Soukup 396 (det. Standley, S. discolor}. Cestrum ovalifolium Francey, Candollea 6: 362. 1936. Generally resembles C. Dunalii; flowering branchlets ordinarily 5 cm. long; leaves widely divaricate, ovate or subelliptic, rounded or obtuse at base but shortly decurrent and notably shortly acuminate, FLORA OF PERU 113 3-5.5 cm. long, 1.5-3 cm. wide, membranous but very rigid and frag- ile, the lateral nerves 5-7, the reticulation lax beneath; racemes axil- lary and at the apex of terminal branches 5- or 6-flowered, the rachis 1.5 to scarcely 3 cm. long; pedicels 1.5-2.2 mm. long, the lower 1-flow- ered; peduncles 1 cm. long, the upper 2-3 mm. long; bracts filiform, acuminate, to 2.5 mm. long; calyx tubular-campanulate, terete, 4 mm. long, 2 mm. thick, the 5 equal teeth marginally puberulent, the nerves not prominent; corolla 24 mm. long, ampliate three- fourths the length, above clavate, 3 mm. across, constricted below the limb, 16.5 mm. long, the lobes 7 mm. long, acutely acuminate; stamens free for 3.5 mm., denticulate at the insertion, quite glabrous as the tube all over; style 16 mm. long. The species is characterized by the regularly oval or less generally elliptic leaves with a short apical point (author). Illustrated, Francey, I.e. 7: pi. 2, fig. 32 (flower). Cajamarca: Cutervo, Jelski 6549, type. Oestrum ovatolanceolatum Francey, Candollea 6: 279. 1936. Type a tree 12 meters high, glabrous except the lax many-flowered axillary panicles, these 2.5-3 cm. long or longer; branches 3.5-4 mm. thick, the flexuose brownish-purple branchlets broadly sulcate; inter- nodes mostly 2-3 cm. long; petioles 8-11 mm. long, canaliculate above; leaves alternate, widely divaricate, ovate-lanceolate, obtuse or rounded at the scarcely decurrent base, long-attenuate to the shortly acuminate or very acute apex, broadest at one-fourth their length, mostly 9-11 cm. long, 3.5-5 cm. wide, membranous, ob- scurely puberulent above, subopaque and entirely glabrous beneath, the prominent midnerve there brownish-purple, the 10-13 lateral nerves obvious as the reticulate venation; stipuliform leaves none; basal branches of the panicles 3-7 mm. long, 2-4-flowered, the lan- ceolate puberulent bracts 5 or 6 mm. long, 1-1.5 mm. wide; flowers sessile, pale, greenish-yellow; peduncles often filiform, the bractlets acuminate, subfiliform; calyx obconic-poculiform, subterete, 2 mm. long, 1-1.5 mm. thick, puberulent only without as the 5 often con- nate acute teeth, these 0.3 mm. long, 0.5 mm. wide, the nerves slen- der; corolla 10.5 mm. long, tube contracted below ovary, ampliate to apex, not constricted below limb, 8.5 mm. long, 2.5 mm. broad, quite glabrous as the acute 2 mm. long lobes except the puberulent margins; stamens 8.5 mm. long, the filaments free for only 0.5 mm. long in type, smooth, slightly pilosulous; ovary globose above, cylin- dric below, 6-ovulate; style 8.5 mm. long, apically pulverulent; stigma 114 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII capitate. The form of the leaves, the reduced dimensions of the flower, and the form of the corolla tube characterize this species (author). The name was originally written with a hyphen. Klug specimen with somewhat longer corolla, filaments free for several mm. is doubtful; it may be rather a variant of C. racemosum R. & P. Loreto: Balsapuerto, Klug 2942? Junin: La Merced, at about 600 meters, 5435, type. Cestrum peruvianum Willd. ex Roem. & Schult. Syst. 4: 807. 1819; 7: 3 (species no. 208). C. affine HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 3: 60. 1818, not Persoon. Foetid nearly glabrous shrub or small tree, only the triangular acute calyx and corolla lobes marginally puberulent, the latter all over without; petioles 5-8 (-12) mm. long, gibbous-enlarged at base; leaves spreading, elliptic- or oblong-lanceolate, little decurrent at the acute or subobtuse base, acuminate, 7-17.5 cm. long, 1.5-4.5 cm. wide, membranous, revolute, lustrous, brownish or somewhat pur- plish-green, the 14-15 lateral nerves spreading, little prominent above, the veins reticulate; stipuliform leaves oblong-lanceolate, 3-5 mm. long; spikes axillary, the 6-9 subsessile flowers crowded apically, 21.5 mm. long; bracts elliptic-lanceolate, 3-5 mm. long; calyx tubular-poculiform, 5-6-costate-dentate, 4.5-5 mm. long, 2 mm. thick, the acute teeth 0.5 mm. long; corolla whitish-green or sulphur- colored, 19 mm. long, tube strongly constricted, pilose within below filaments, these 6-8 mm. free, more or less dentate; lobes 5 or 6, glabrous within, 3-3.5 mm. long; stamens 5 or 6, subequal; ovary long-stiped, 14-1 6-0 vulate; stigma discoid, included. Known to attain 4 meters. F.M. Neg. 2964. Piura: Ayavaca, Bonpland, type. Palambla, Soukup 4287. Cajamarca: Chota, Jelski 5477. Nancho, Raimondi. Amazonas: East of Chachapoyas, Weberbauer 4442. Ancash: Llata, 2294. Junin: Near Chacapalca, Raimondi. To Colombia. "Yerba Santa" (Raimondi). Cestrum petiolare HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 3: 58. 1818; 391. C. venosum Willd. ex Roem. & Schult. Syst. 4: 807. 1819(7). More or less densely floccose-tomentose, becoming pulverulent in age or the leaves above even glabrous; branches stout, angled, 3.5- 5 mm. thick; stipuliform leaves more or less lunulate, 1-1.5 cm. long, about half as wide, glabrous; petioles 1.5 cm. to nearly 4 cm. long, an- gled, canaliculate; leaves erect, ovate- or elliptic-lanceolate, acute, FLORA OF PERU 115 cuneate or rounded at base, shortly acuminate, 1-2 dm. long, 4-9 cm. wide, or even larger, membranous but rigid, minutely revolute, rather lustrous both sides but much paler beneath, the midnerve as the 20-24 parallel lateral nerves (Francey) prominent beneath, laxly reticulate; panicles in axils and terminal, the rachis 1-9 cm. long, the peduncles 1-5 mm. long; flowers sessile, congested; calyx tubular- campanulate, 6-6.5 mm. long, 3 mm. thick, glabrous without, pubes- cent within, the 5 teeth equal, acute, 1.5 mm. long, the nerves stout, lateral nerves many; corolla white or yellowish-green, 18 mm. long, the tube not contracted, regularly infundibuliform, the limb contin- uous, 15.5 mm. long, entirely glabrous as the semi-orbicular lobes without, these 2.5 mm. long, acute or subobtuse (explanate), puberu- lent marginally and within; stamens 13.5 mm. long, subequal, the filaments adnate to the middle, free for 6.5 mm., reflexed pilose, re- curved, not incrassate, smooth; ovary papillose, clearly stipitate, 8-ovulate, the style 1.5 cm. long, enlarged apically, puberulent, the stigma capitate, discoid; fruit globose, obtuse, 2 mm. long and thick; seeds 2, 2.5 mm. long, 1 mm. broad, 0.5 mm. thick; cotyledons cor- date. Flowers (and fruit) except calyx unknown in type; description (as others) after Francey, who uses the name of Willdenow. Piura: Ayavaca, (Bonpland, type). To Colombia. Cestrum pseud oped i eel la turn Francey, Candollea 7: 29. 1936. Glabrous or essentially, except for evanescent puberulence at the tip of the elongate flexuous branchlets, these only 1-2 mm. thick; stipuliform leaves none; petioles often uncinate at base, 7-10 mm. long; leaves spreading or pendent, oblong-lanceolate, acute or cune- ate at base, shortly acuminate, many 6-8 cm. long, about 3 to nearly 4 cm. wide, membranous, opaque above, slightly lustrous beneath, the 8 or 9 arcuate nerves and reticulate veins prominent beneath; racemes axillary in a foliose terminal panicle, 3-6-flowered, the dark purple branches to 5 cm. long, 1-flowered peduncles 5-12 mm. long, pedicels 0.7 mm. long, flowers 33 mm. long; bracts oblong-lanceolate, 1-1.5 cm. long, bractlets filiform, 4-9 mm. long, both long-attenuate to base; calyx (in herb.) coriaceous, subtubular, narrowly obconic- poculiform, 5 mm. long, 3 mm. thick, obscurely puberulent only within, the 4 or 5 often coalescent teeth acute, ciliolate; corolla in- fundibuliform, 32 mm. long, tube contracted below ovary, cylindric to middle, gradually ampliate to 5.5 mm. across at apex where purple and glabrous, the often plicate lobes 3.5 mm. long, marginally puber- ulent, glandular; filaments 8.5 mm. free, gibbous, bent, subdenticu- 116 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII late, only the adnate part faintly pulverulent; ovary shortly stiped, 14-ovulate; style hirtellous at tip, the exserted capitate stigma puber- ulent. Flowers notable in dimensions, the pedicels very short but the peduncles very long (author). Peru: (Without data at Geneva, Weberbauer 6675, type). Cestrum racemosum R. & P. Fl. Peruv. 2: 29, pi. 154. 1799; 273. Glabrous in age except the racemiform panicles, the younger branchlets and leaves sparsely pulverulent-puberulent; branches erect, 3 mm. thick, purplish, lustrous as the spreading branchlets, these to 2 dm. long, compressed, angled; petioles 7-16 mm. long; stipuliform leaves none; leaves spreading or pendent, ovate-lanceo- late, rounded at base, narrowly subobtusely or acutely acuminate, often 1-1.5 dm. long, 2.5-5 cm. wide, membranous, plane or nearly, lustrous, especially above, the 13-15 lateral nerves prominent be- neath; panicles axillary, 1-3, about 10-flowered, the axis 1-2 cm. long, pulverulent- tomentose; peduncles little branched, 2-5 mm. long, 2-3- flowered, minutely lanuginose; flowers greenish, sessile; bracts linear- acuminate, 2-3 mm. long, pilosulous as the tubular poculiform calyx without, this 1-2 mm. long, 1-1.5 mm. thick; calyx teeth 5, unequal, 0.3-0.7 mm. long, 0.7 mm. wide, pilose at acute apex; corolla infundi- buliform, about 1.5 cm. long, tube contracted below and above ovary, inflated at apex, not constricted below limb, 12.5 mm. long, quite glabrous; lobes of limb 3 mm. long, pubescent only without, the mar- gins tomentulose; stamens 11 mm. long, the filaments 1-2 mm. free, smooth, only the adnate part pubescent below; ovary globose; style 11.5 mm. long, glabrous; stigma capitate; fruit ellipsoid, subsessile, 4.5 mm. long, 3 mm. thick, maturing 3 elliptic or ovate-oblong seeds 4 mm. long, 1.5 mm. broad, 0.7 mm. thick; cotyledons oval. Illus- trated, Francey, I.e. 7: pi. 3, fig. 20 (flower). San Martin: Tarapoto, Williams 6620; Spruce 4552. Huanuco: Chinchao and Macora, Ruiz & Pavdn, type. Monzon, Weberbauer 3434- Loreto: Pongo de Manseriche, (Tessmann 4269). Bolivia to Central America. "Yerba hedionda" (Ruiz & Pavon). Cestrum Raimondianum Francey, Candollea 6: 382. 1936. Allied and similar to C. undulatum; stipuliform leaves none (in type); petioles 4-7 mm. long, slightly incrassate and uncinate at base; leaves erect to spreading, oval or oblong, acuminate, shortly FLORA OF PERU 117 decurrent at acute base, 4.5-6 (9) cm. long, about 2-3.5 cm. wide or slightly wider, membranous but rigid, obscurely pulverulent on the midnerve beneath, the lateral nerves 6-8 (type); panicles axillary, 6-8-flowered, the lower subracemose, the upper subspicate; peduncles obsolete, bractlets filiform, minute; pedicels 1.3 mm. long; calyx tubular, slightly 5-costate, 4 mm. long, 1.6 mm. thick, papillose with- in, the 5 acuminate teeth often connate with rounded sinus; corolla 24.5 mm. long, tube below and above ovary contracted, very nar- rowly obconic, ampliate to apex, 3 mm. broad, constricted below the limb, 18.5 mm. long; lobes 5.5 mm. long, acute; stamens 17.5 mm. long, the filaments 4 mm. free, geniculate at insertion, incrassate, not denticulate; ovary globose, 6-ovulate, style 17.5 mm. long; fruit sessile, oblong, 6.5 mm. long, 4.5 mm. thick, the subtending calyx cupulate; seeds (immature) 6. The species particularly marked by its relatively large oval or oblong leaves; Stork & Horton collection has leaves with 12 or more nerves, in this respect suggesting C. undu- latum R. & P. Illustrated, Francey, I.e. 7: pi. 3, fig. 48 (flower). Cajamarca: Rio Socota, Prov. Cutervo, Stork & Horton 10153 (distr. as C. affine with query, i.e. C. peruvianum) . Amazonas: Lamas, (Raimondi 1055, type). "Yerba Santa." Cestrum reflexum Sendtn. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 10: 218. 1846; 265. Branches elongate, flexuose, more or less scandent or at least sup- ported in other shrubs, glabrous as entire plant except for some pu- berulence on the younger parts, the leaves beneath near the midnerve and the panicles; internodes 2.5-3 cm. long, the leaf scars very prom- inent; petioles slender, often uncinate at base, 6-10 mm. long; stipuli- form leaves deciduous, ovate, about 5 mm. long, 2-3 mm. wide; leaves pendent, oblong- or subovate-lanceolate, acute or obtuse, often unequal at the little decurrent base, acuminate or acute, mostly 8- 10 cm. long, 3.5-5 cm. wide, membranous, plane, lustrous both sides, the 7 or 8 strongly ascending lateral nerves prominent only beneath, the veins obviously reticulate on both surfaces; inflorescences axil- lary, 10-15-flowered, foliose racemes or the upper forming an elon- gate panicle, the lateral branches 1-3.5 cm. long; floral leaves ovate- or oblong-lanceolate, 8-14 mm. long, half as wide; terminal panicles about 1.5 dm. long or longer, the lanceolate or sublinear bracts 2.5- 5 mm. long, the flowers sessile; calyx campanulate, slightly angled above, 3-3.5 mm. long, 3 mm. across, sparsely puberulent only with- out, the 5 nerves slender, the 5 spreading teeth 0.5-0.7 mm. long, 1 mm. wide, ciliate; corolla yellowish-tinted, 25.5-27.5 mm. long, the 118 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII tube constricted below the ovary, abruptly ampliate at apex, cupuli- form, more or less constricted below the limb, 17.5-21.5 mm. long, quite glabrous; lobes elliptic- or ovate-lanceolate, 5 or 6 mm. long, glabrate both sides, marginally subtomentose; stamens 17.5-20.5 mm. long, the free part of filaments 1.5-2 mm. long, glabrous, smooth; ovary globose, attenuate into stipe, 16-ovulate, the style 18-21 mm. long, obscurely puberulent apically, the puberulent stigma capitate; fruit sessile, ellipsoid, 8.5 mm. long, 6.5 mm. thick, the subtending calyx cyathiform, 5 mm. long, 6 mm. across; seeds 8-11, oblong, 3.5-5 mm. long, 2-2.5 mm. wide, about 1 mm. thick; cotyledons ellip- tic. Illustrated, Francey, I.e. 7: pi. 1, fig. 72 (flower). Cajamarca: Monte Seco, Prov. Hualgayoc, Soukup 3884- San Martin: Tocache, Poeppig. Tarapoto, Williams 5782; 6169; Spruce 4418. Loreto: Florida, Klug 2061; 2350. Lower Rio Huallaga, Williams 4286; Killip & Smith 29267. Cuzco: Quellouno, Prov. Convencion, Vargas 6331 . Southwestern Brazil to Central America. Cestrum Sendtnerianum Mart, ex Sendtn. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 10: 215. 1846; 344. A much-branched shrub sometimes becoming an elegant tree, quite glabrous except for obscure or sparse indument in the flowers; branches stout, 3.5 mm. thick, verruculose, the branchlets elongate, lustrous, brownish-purple toward the tip, the flowers borne at the apex of the younger, or solitary or 2-4-fasciculate in the leaf axils; petioles 2-11 (18) mm. long, incrassate at base; stipuliform leaves lanceolate, subsessile, obtuse, 7-10 mm. long, to 4 mm. wide; leaves crowded, often plicate-falcate, ovate- or oblong-lanceolate, acutely or acuminately decurrent, long-acuminate or cuspidate, ordinarily 3.5-10 cm. long, 1.5-5 cm. wide, rarely larger, membranous, not or obscurely revolute, lustrous especially above, reticulate nervose, the 5-7 lateral nerves prominent only beneath; pedicels to 0.6 mm. long, bracts lanceolate-acuminate, 4.5 mm. long, pulverulent; calyx ovate- cylindric, rather strongly 5-nerved, subcoriaceous, 2.5-4 mm. long, 1.5-2.2 mm. thick, glabrous except the ciliate margins of the acute teeth; corolla purplish or greenish yellow, about 2.5-3 cm. long, the coriaceous tube contracted below the ovary, slightly tumid above, finally narrowly obconic and gradually ampliate, constricted below the limb, 19.5-24 mm. long, glabrous without, only the mar- gins of the ovate lobes (4-5 mm. long) tomentulose; stamens 19-23 mm. long, the free part 3.5 mm. long, denticulate at or just below insertion, the teeth and subgibbous adnate portion pilose; ovary FLORA OF PERU 119 globose, 6-ovulate, with obconic glandular stipe; style 19-23 mm. long, puberulent at apex, the stigma capitate; fruit dark violet, sessile, ellipsoid, 13 mm. long, 7 mm. thick; seeds 4 to 6, dorsally canaliculate, 5.5-6.5 mm. long, 2-3.5 mm. broad, 0.7-1 mm. thick; cotyledons elliptic. San Martin: San Roque, Williams 7285; 7638. Tarapoto, Wittiams 6881; Spruce 4277. Tocache, Poeppig 2039. Loreto: Near Iquitos, King 436; 877; Williams 1469; Tessmann 3564. Pebas, Williams 1649. Caballo-cocha, Williams 2128. Rio Nanay, Williams 663. Lower Rio Huallaga, Williams 4522; 6881. Argentina to Costa Rica. "Yerba Santa." Cestrum silvaticum Francey, Candollea 6: 316. 1936. Glabrate or obscurely puberulent on the younger parts and the leaf midnerve both sides; branches flexuose, 1.5-4 mm. thick, sparsely glandular-verruculose; stipuliform leaves semi-lunate, glabrous, 1-1.5 mm. long, 0.8 mm. wide, deciduous; petioles 1-1.5 cm. long; leaves erect to spreading, elliptic-lanceolate, acutely decurrent, acuminate or shortly cuspidate, about 1-1.5 dm. long, 3-4.5 cm. wide, mem- branous, obscurely revolute, little if at all lustrous above, paler and opaque beneath, reticulate both sides, the 8-12 lateral nerves arcuate ascending; panicles axillary, 5-10-flowered, the basally branched sparsely puberulent rachis 4-16 mm. long; bracts elliptic- lanceolate, obtuse, 4 mm. long, the filiform bractlets minute; pe- duncles at most 2 mm. long, pedicels 0.5 mm. long, glabrous as the cyathiform calyx, this about 3 mm. long, 1.5 mm. across, ob- scurely verruculose-glandular; teeth 5, equal, 0.4 mm. long, 0.6 mm. wide, acute, pilosulous marginally, the sinus acute, the nerves slender; corolla nearly 2 cm. long, the tube contracted below the ovary, very narrowly obconic, apically ampliate, 2.8 mm. across, con- stricted below the limb, 15.5 mm. long, glabrous without, barbate within for two-thirds the length, adnate portion of filaments free for 3.5 mm., smooth; lobes of limb 3.3 mm. long, glabrous except the densely puberulent margins; ovary ellipsoid, 8-ovulate, the disk glandular; style filiform, 16 mm. long, obscurely pubescent apically, the stigma capitate; fruit 5.5 mm. long, 3.5 mm. thick but immature. Strongly resembles C. tenuissimum Francey, 248, of Bolivia but differs by the size of calyx with acute sinus, by the short 1-flowered peduncles and by the somewhat pilose filaments (author) ; however, see C. Baenitzii; Klug 3612, referred there by Standley, seems to be intermediate. 120 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII San Martin: Pongo de Cainarachi, Klug 2690 (det. Morton). Junin: Pichis Trail, Killip & Smith 25483, type. La Merced, 5645. Loreto: Above Pongo de Manseriche, Mexia 6251. Florida, Rio Zubineta, Klug 2136. "Mitira-ey" (Klug). Cestrum strigillatum R. & P. Fl. Peruv. 2: 29. 1799; 142. C. unibracteatum Dunal in DC. Prodr. 13, pt. 1: 656. 1852, fide Francey. C. calycinum HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 3: 58. 1815 (as var. below). Sessea rugosa Rusby, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 8: 119. 1912, fide Francey. Typically a virgately stemmed branched shrub, the younger parts and the leaves beneath, especially the nerves, lightly to lanate- tomentose; branches to 5 mm. thick, strigose- pulverulent in age; stipuliform leaves none; petioles 5-10 mm. long, canaliculate above; leaves spreading, ovate to ovate-lanceolate, basally rounded or cor- date, acute or acuminate, 0.5-2 dm. long, 4-10 cm. wide, membra- nous, plane or nearly, glabrous and lustrous above, the 6-8 lateral nerves prominent beneath; panicles more or less racemose, axillary, solitary or geminate, several to 10 cm. long, 6-many-flowered, the rachis to 9 cm., strigose-pulverulent; peduncles 5-16 mm. long, the 1-flowered 1-3 mm. long, filiform, apically much incrassate; flowers sessile, basal bractlets 3-5 mm. long, linear-acuminate, densely to- mentose; calyx tubular-poculiform, angled, 10-12 mm. long, 4-4.5 mm. thick, early tomentose without, glabrous within, the 5 ovate ciliate teeth to 2 mm. long, nearly as wide, slender nerves prominent, lateral many; corolla yellowish-green, 3-3.5 cm. long; tube con- tracted below the ovary, cylindric, slender, strongly ampliate at apex, above calyx strigose-tomentose, glabrous within, not con- stricted below the limb, the latter with oblong-lanceolate or elliptic- lanceolate acute lobes 9-12 mm. long, 4-5 mm. wide, tomentose without, glabrous within; stamens 24 mm. long, the filaments only free for 1 mm., smooth, glabrate; ovary globose, with obconic stipe; style 24 mm. long, hirsutulous toward apex, the capitate stigma lob- ulate; fruit ellipsoid, sessile, 11 mm. long, 6 mm. thick, the calyx ac- crescent; seeds 7, 5 mm. long, 2 mm. broad, 1 mm. thick; cotyledons elliptic. Young fruit has a crossed scar at apex as in Sessea (Francey). The var. calycinum (Willd.) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 3: 220. 1893, treated as specifically distinct by Francey, I.e. 137, and perhaps logically, is distinguished primarily by more generally distributed, softly stel- late tomentose indument and especially by the rather crowded flow- ers, these sometimes subfasciculate or in subspicate 4-7-flowered FLORA OF PERU 121 racemes 2-4 cm. long. Flowers with fragrance of jasmine; infusion of leaves used for tonic (Seibert). Illustrated, Francey, I.e. 7: pi. 1, fig. 32 (flower). F.M. Negs. 18394; 2998 (C. calycinum); 6899 (C. unibracteatum). Cajamarca: Gonzanama, (Bonpland, type, C. calycinum). San Martin: Bellavista to Banos, Ferreyra 1+71+6 (det. Cowan). San Roque, Williams 7223; 7353. Tarapoto, Williams 5566; 6570 (var.) ; Spruce 1+161+; 1+16 1+a (var.). Moyobamba, Raimondi; Woytkowski 35302 (var.). Chazuta, Klug 1+130 (var.). Huanuco: Cuchero, Dom- bey (type, C. unibracteatum) ; Poeppig 96. Pozuzo and Rio Chinchao, 1+778; 503 1+; Ruiz & Pavdn, type; Poeppig 1326. Junin: Palca to Chanchamayo, Raimondi. Colonia Perene", Killip & Smith 251+20. La Merced, 5329; 5588; Killip & Smith 23673; 23385. Loreto: Yurimaguas, Williams 1+775; 1+857; 5288; Killip & Smith 28223 (var.) ; 2831+7 (var.). Puerto Arturo, Killip & Smith 27780 (var.); 2801+3 (var.). Ayacucho: Huanta to Rio Apurimac, Killip & Smith 23216 (var.); 23100. Cuzco: Santa Ana, Raimondi. Madre de Dios: Iberia, Seibert 2019 (var., det. A. C. Smith); 2151. Uruguay to Colombia. "Ucha Panga" (Williams), "Santa Maria" (Seibert). Cestrum tomentosum L. f. Sp. PI. Suppl. 150. 1781; 171. A canescently stellate-tomentose shrub rather similar to C. lanuginosum; petioles 3-12 mm. long, terete; leaves oblong- or ovate- lanceolate, rounded, obtuse or subacute at base, not decurrent, attenuately acuminate or acute, 7 to about 12 cm. long, usually 2.5-5 cm. wide, membranous or subcoriaceous, very sparsely stellate- pilose above, the lateral nerves 7-9, the younger leaves obtusely acuminate, naturally smaller, the floral oblong, acute, 6-8 mm. long and half as wide; stipuliform leaves geminate, mostly persisting, ovate or oblong-lanceolate, about 1-2 cm. long, half as broad; flow- ers 3-5-fasciculate; bracts narrowly lanceolate, acuminate, 2-10 mm. long, 0.7-2 mm. wide, puberulent, calyx campanulate-tubular, 5-7 mm. long, 2.5-3 mm. across, truncate at base, villous-tomentose or subhirsute, the 5 acuminate teeth 1-1.5 mm. long, 1 mm. wide; corolla 16.5-21.5 mm. long, infundibuliform, often tinged with brown or purple, the tube a little contracted below the ovary, 14-18 mm. long, the lobes 2-3.5 mm. long, acute or subacute; stamens 5, 13-17 mm. long, free for 5.5-6 mm., anthers elliptic; ovary subquadrate; style 13-18 mm. long, filiform; fruit black, 8.5 mm. long, 4.5 mm. thick with 3 oblong-elliptic seeds 4-5 mm. long, 2-2.5 mm. broad, about 1 mm. thick. The flowers fasciculate at the tip of a peduncle 122 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII or a lateral branch and subtended by bracts or floral leaves; charac- ters of the flower constant (Francey). Illustrated, Francey, I.e. 7: pi. 1, fig. 53 (flower); pi. 2, fig. 13 (calyx). Piura: Ayavaca, Soukup 4295. Cajamarca: Nancho, Raimondi 6646. Contumaza, Raimondi 6682. Prov. Hualgayoc, Soukup 3885. Ancash: Between Samanco and Huaraz, 3,000 meters, Weberbauer 3160. Junin: Tarma, Raimondi 2461. To Colombia and Venezuela. Cestrum undulatum R. & P. Fl. Peruv. 2: 28, pi. 155. 1799; 384. A glabrous shrub developing a granulate erect trunk with terete spreading branches 1-2 mm. thick, the flowering branchlets ordinarily 1-2 dm. long, flexuose, dark purple, obscurely puberulent apically; stipuliform leaves lanceolate, long-acuminate, 2-5 mm. long, scarcely 1 mm. wide; petioles 6-10 mm. long; leaves reflexing, ovate-lanceolate, often unequal at the somewhat rounded decurrent base, acuminate, about 6-9 cm. long, mostly 2.5-4 cm. wide, membranous, undulate, slightly lustrous above, minutely glandular beneath, the 7-10 lateral nerves rather prominent; racemes axillary and terminal, solitary, lax, 5-10 cm. long, 4-8-flowered, the filiform rachis to 7 cm. long, peduncles to 6 mm. long, pedicels 0.5-2 mm. long, articulate, the basal bracts geminate, linear-subulate, deciduous; calyx tubular- poculiform, 3.5-4.5 mm. long, 2.5-3 mm. thick, glabrous or with- out scarcely puberulent, the 5 or 6 subequal teeth acute or acuminate, marginally ciliate, 2 mm. long, half as wide, nerves slender; corolla lutescent, to 26.5 mm. long; tube contracted below ovary, finally 12 mm. long, apically ampliate, scarcely constricted below the limb, 19 mm. long, entirely glabrous; lobes 7.5 mm. long, acuminate, only marginally pubescent; stamens 19 mm. long, filaments four- fifths adnate, subbifidly denticulate; anthers quadrate; ovary globose-ellipsoid, 8-ovulate, the disk glandular; style 19.5 mm. long, puberulent below the capitate stigma; fruit violet, ovoid-ellipsoid, 2-celled, 8 mm. long, 6 mm. thick; seeds 5 or 6, angled, ovoid- truncate, brownish, 5.5 mm. long, 2.5 mm. broad, 1.2 mm. thick; cotyledons suborbicular. Sometimes found in gardens, as at Lima by Raimondi, the flowers fragrant. Illustrated, Francey, I.e. 7: pi. 3, fig. 7 (calyx). F.M. Neg. 18395. Huanuco: Near Huanuco, 2045; Ruiz & Pavon, type; Raimondi. Ambo, 3161. Chaulki, Sawada 74- Tomaiquichua, 2425. Junin: Dos de Mayo, Pichis Trail, Killip & Smith 25862. Loreto: Yuri- FLORA OF PERU 123 maguas, Poeppig 23. La Victoria, Williams 2589. Rio Mazan, Schunke 24- "Yerba hedionda," "yerba sancta." Cestrum Weberbaueri Francey, Candollea 7: 5. 1936. Rigidly branched shrub, the branchlets and erectly borne leaves lustrous and glabrous as all parts except the puberulent bracts, calyces only within (teeth marginally tomentulose) and the corolla lobes both sides; leaves acute to acuminate at base but not decurrent, 1- nearly 2 dm. long, 3.5-6 cm. wide or wider, scarcely revolute, the lateral nerves 11-15; stipuliform leaves 1-1.5 cm. long; bracts obovate, about 4 mm. long; flowers green, 21 mm. long, pedicels to 1 mm. long; calyx tubular, 6-6.5 mm. long, the 5 acute teeth 0.7 mm. long; corolla not constricted below limb, the lobes 4 mm. long; stamens equal; stigmas lobate, subexserted. Otherwise like the related C. peruvianum Willd. Cajamarca: Balsas to Celendin, (Weberbauer 4254, type). 19. NICOTIANAL. Reference: T. H. Goodspeed, The Genus Nicotiana, 1-536. 1954 (Taxonomy, T. H. Goodspeed, H. M. Wheeler and P. C. Hutchison, 328-492). Goodspeed and Mildred C. Thompson, Cytotaxonomy of Nicotiana, Bot. Rev. 25: 385-415. 1959. Generally, in Peru, becoming tall subligneous shrubs, sometimes coarse herbs, rarely diminutive annuals, almost always pubescent, often viscid-glandular. Leaves alternate, entire. Flowers pedicelled in terminal panicles with evident central axis, false racemes or these modified into flat pinnate panicles or variously lax or remotely glomerate more or less dichotomous systems, exceptionally flowers foliose bracted. Calyx 5-toothed or -cleft, always persistent, usually somewhat enlarged in fruit. Corolla slightly if at all irregular, often with distinct tube and throat, the limb entire, shallowly 5-lobed or 5-cleft, early contorted-plicate, rarely imbricate. Stamens 5, the free filaments variously inserted, anther dehiscence longitudinal. Ovary 2-celled, the base adnate to a thick annular disk, placental cushions on the central partitions, the many ovules anatropous; style terminal, stigma slightly grooved. Capsule membranous to subligneous, the lower part indehiscent, the upper parting septicidally or very shortly loculicidally, rarely indehiscent. Seeds minute, the single seed coat variously reticulate. Chromosome number chiefly 12 or 24 pairs. Genus is named for Jean Nicot, French consul 124 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII to Portugal in 1560, who sent to France seeds that he obtained from a Dutchman from Florida. The Spaniards are supposed to have first become acquainted with tobacco in the West Indies and its name may have been derived from Tobago or Tabasco, the latter locality in Mexico. Ruiz and Pavon found tobacco cultivated in several provinces, observing the long cigars and the incredibly hard "skeins" or bundles called "tobaco de andullo," which were also offered me. The work of Dr. Goodspeed exemplifies, as few other accounts of the life history of a group of plants, the effectiveness of modern botanical research when consummated by a student as great in talent as in erudition. The author's secondary title, "Origins, Re- lationships and Evolution of its Species in the Light of Their Distribu- tion, Morphology and Cytogenetics," indicates the scope of his investigation. In compiling, I hope accurately, the taxonomy as presented by him and senior botanists of the University of California, I acknowledge for all students as well as myself their useful contribu- tion. The technical key of the monographer and aides is supplemented by a simpler version, this possible because of the relatively few species within Peru. KEY (after Goodspeed) Corolla clavate-obconic, throat slightly contracted; stamens included except N. Benavidesii; petiole not alate (obsolete, N. thyrsiflord) ; corolla limb entire or nearly, yellow or green (subgenus Rustica (Don) Goodspeed). Corolla 2-5 cm. long, at least twice as long as broad (section Paniculatae Goodspeed). Stems, leaves quite glabrous, glaucous N. glauca. Stems, leaves more or less puberulent. Calyx teeth triangular; corolla yellow-green or limb dark. Vigorous herbs; stamens included. Corolla glabrous, entirely yellow-green N. paniculata. Corolla sericeous, the limb dark green . . . . N. Knightiana. Shrubby; stamens exserted N. Benavidesii. Calyx teeth minute; corolla pale greenish-yellow. N. Raimondii. Corolla 1-1.5 cm. long, obconic- tubular. FLORA OF PERU 125 Leaves oblanceolate, petiole not or poorly defined (section Thyr- siflorae Goodspeed) N. ihyrsiflora. Leaves ovate-elliptic or cordate, petioled (section Rustica Good- speed) N. rustica, N. Pavonii. Corolla salverform to short tubular-salverform, the limb lobed, yellow or sordid greenish-white above (subgenus Petunioides (Don) Goodspeed). Flowers in thyrsoid panicles, not closing in sunlight. Large calyx lobe soon convex; corolla limb irregular. N. undulata. Large calyx lobe plane; corolla limb subregular N. Arentsii. Flowers in pseudoracemes or panicles, vespertine. N. plumbaginifolia. Corolla infundibuliform, throat widely expanded; stamens somewhat exserted; petiole alate (except N. glutinosa) or obsolete (sub- genus Tabacum (Don) Goodspeed). Corolla curved, throat expansion broad as long; subarborescent (section Tomentosae Goodspeed). Flowers thyrsoid paniculate; leaves ovate to lanceolate. Style, stamens well-exserted, ascending N. tomentosa. Style, stamens declined, little exserted N. Setchellii. Flowers pseud oracemose; leaves cordate N. glutinosa. Corolla straight or nearly, throat longer than broad; herbaceous (section Genuinae Goodspeed) N. tabacum. SUPPLEMENTAL KEY Corolla curved, throat expansion broad as long, cupuliform; petioles alate (except N. glutinosa). Inflorescence racemiform; leaves cordate N. glutinosa. Inflorescence paniculate; leaves usually attenuate toward often auriculate or alate base. Stamens well-exserted, ascending; petioles, unless uppermost, defined, narrowly alate N. tomentosa. Stamens subincluded, declined; leaves sessile or short, petioles broadly alate N. Setchellii. Corolla straight or nearly, not long-tubular, throat longer than broad, or poorly defined (see contrast 3). 126 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII Petioles obscure to alate or (and) auriculate; corolla 1-3 cm. long or longer. Petioles alate, defined; corolla about 3 cm. long or longer. Flowers paniculate, throat defined N. tabacum. Flowers often in racemiform group, throat poorly defined. N. plumbaginifolia. Petioles obscure; corolla about 1.5-2 cm. long. .N. thyrsiflora. Petioles well-defined, not alate or auriculate. Corolla clearly lobed; calyx teeth broad, subobtuse. Large calyx lobe soon convex; corolla limb uneven. N. undulata. Large calyx lobe plane; corolla limb subregular. . . N. Arentsii. Corolla obscurely lobed; calyx teeth acute. Calyx about half as thick as long; capsule 7-12 mm. long, valves widely separating N. Pavonii. Calyx more than half as thick as long; capsule 13-16 mm. long, indehiscent or valves little parted N. rustica. Corolla at least twice longer than thick, easily defined as long- tubular. Stems, leaves more or less puberulent. Corolla 2-3.5 cm. long; stamens included; leaves if cordate with open sinus. Corolla sericeous, 2-2.5 cm. long to dark green limb. N. Knightiana. Corolla glabrous or nearly, entirely greenish-yellow. Inflorescence rather open, sub viscid; fruiting pedicels nearly straight N. paniculata. Inflorescence often dense, subcolumnar; fruiting pedicels often arcuate-uncate N. Raimondii. Corolla 4-5 cm. long; stamens exserted; leaves cordate, sinus often closed N. Benavidesii. Stems, leaves glabrous, glaucous N. glauca. Nicotiana Arentsii Goodsp. in Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. ser. 4, 25: 297, pis. 26, 27. 1944; 379. A stout annual or short-lived perennial resembling N. undulata with erect axis and several rigid ascending branches, the stem early FLORA OF PERU 127 often reddish-purple with conspicuous weak short silvery trichomes, glabrate in age, thinly corky, ligneous within; leaves spreading, pilose to obscurely pubescent, rotund-ovate or subcordate, acute or acuminate, 1-2.5 dm. long, the petiole less than half as long; panicles reduced-foliose below, lanceolate bracted above, the well-developed rachis branching, the pedicels 2- to finally 6 mm. long, calyx pubes- cent, 10-14 mm. long, broadly cylindric or subcampanulate, lobes unequal, broadly triangular-ovate, shorter than tube; corolla to limb 16-20 mm. long, slightly asymmetric, tube proper at most 4 or 5 mm. long, 3 mm. wide, throat about 3 times as long, 2.5 times as wide, broadly obconic-clavate, pale greenish-yellow, shortly white pilose, the limb 5-9 mm. wide, dingy straw-colored, pubescent without, the broad lobes subacute to slightly acuminate; fifth filament sig- moidly curved, less pubescent than the 4 longer; capsule elliptic- ovoid, the large calyx lobe plane or nearly; seeds broadly elliptic, 0.6-0.8 mm. long, dark brown; chromosome number 24 pairs. Otherwise much like the related species N. wigandioides Koch & Fintelmann (corolla barely 8-25 mm. wide), 381, of Bolivia; it gives morphological and cytological evidence of being a natural occurring amphiploid involving N. undulata and N. wigandioides; it is distinguishable from N. undulata by the larger rotund ovate leaves, larger flowers, green nerve, corolla limb and large plane rather than boat-shaped calyx lobe in flower and fruit, and from N. wigandioides by smaller leaves, smaller flowers and markedly uneven calyx teeth; honors George Arents, who made a noteworthy commentary on the literature and culture dealing with tobacco (Goodspeed). Illustrated, Goodspeed, I.e. 380, fig. 76. Puno: Limbani, Vargas 1322; 9666, type; Metcalf 30529. Bolivia. Nicotiana Benavidesii Goodsp. Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 18: 137, pis. 9, 10, 12a. 1938; 345. Sparsely branched, subligneous, 2-3 meters high, the stout stem to 3 cm. across, densely puberulent and moderately viscid as the leaves beneath and sometimes the calyx; leaves 1-3 dm. long, twice as long as the petiole, apex retuse, cordate, with basal lobes prolonged inward and often upturned, the upper surface puberulent; panicles columnar, the pedicels 7-8 mm., in fruit 7-9 mm. long; calyx poculi- form, densely puberulent, membranes obsolete or obscurely con- necting the short broad equal teeth; corolla 4-4.5 cm. long to limb, glabrous or nearly, light greenish-yellow, the tube 5-7 mm. long, 5 or 6 mm. broad, the throat 5-7 times as long, 8-12 mm. wide, 128 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII clavate-cylindric but with a short slight dilation just below the somewhat contracted mouth, the limb about 4 mm. wide with obscure apiculate lobes; stamens commonly of 3 lengths, exserted, abruptly and densely lanuginose near slight insertion bend at base of corolla throat; capsule rotund-ovoid, acute, exserted, 9-15 mm. long, slightly ligneous; seeds broadly suboblong or irregularly angular, 0.6 mm. long, dull brown, reticulate; embryo straight, chromosome number 12 pairs. Named for General 0. R. Benavides, a former president of the Republic of Peru, who gave assistance to the Good- speed Expedition of 1935-1936. In Berkeley, California, the plant does not flower until the second year. Illustrated, Goodspeed, 344, pi. 62. Apurimac: Near Pachachaca Bridge toward Abancay, West 3979, type. Cuzco: Rio Limatambo near Rio Apurimac, West 384-8. Prov. Anta, Vargas 328. Rio Paucartambo, north of Abancay, Goodspeed Exped. 105^8. Nicotiana glauca Graham, Edinb. New Phil. Journ. 5: 175. 1828; 335. Glabrous or the greenish-yellow flowers minutely pubescent, laxly often virgately branched ligneous shrub or short-lived tree several meters high, the younger parts characteristically glaucous, greenish or blue-purplish, reddish-brown as cork begins to form, finally gray; leaves about twice as long as petioles, those on younger shoots some- times as broad as long, 2.5 dm. or more, flexible, cordate-ovate, elliptic or lanceolate, 0.5-2.5 dm. long; panicles short, glabrous to puberulent, flat, lower branches elongating, the pedicels 3-10 mm. long, later thickened-hamate, 7-12 mm. long; calyx 1-1.5 cm. long, cylindric, sometimes as corolla minutely pubescent, membranes lack- ing or nearly, teeth triangular, acute, much shorter than tube; corolla 3-3.5 (2.5-4.5) cm. long to limb, the tube itself 5-8 mm. long, about 3 mm. wide, the throat 3-6 times as long, cylindric to clavate, at most 6-8 mm. across, commonly yellow, the limb 3-4 mm. wide, subcircular-subpentagonal, greenish or yellow; stamens sub- equal, extending almost to mouth, the glabrous filaments geniculate just above insertion on base of corolla throat; capsule broadly elliptic, 7-15 mm. long, included; seeds longer than broad, truncately angular, laterally compressed, about 0.5 mm. long, brown, foveolate- reticulate; embryo straight; chromosome number 12 pairs. Pre- sumably originated in Argentina, its present wide range now due in considerable part to introduction; narrow-leafed forms occur in FLORA OF PERU 129 southern Peru and Bolivia; in California specimens have been known to live, as trees, for over ten years (Goodspeed). Raimondi thought it was introduced into Peru about 1865 via Bolivia. According to Herrera it is a very strong narcotic. Illustrated, Bot. Mag. 55. pi. 2837; Goodspeed, I.e. 334, pi. 59; Addisonia 23: pi 739. Cuzco : Urcos, Soukup 1 4- Vilcanota, Pennell 141 87. Huambutio, West 6495. Prov. Quispicanchis, Herrera 685. Moquehua: Near Moquehua, Weberbauer 7453. Argentina, perhaps Bolivia; now widely distributed in warm temperate climates. "Ccjamata," "supai- ccarco" (Herrera). Nicotiana glutinosa L. Sp. PI. 1: 181. 1753; 369. Coarse annual ordinarily a meter or two high with a rather sturdy stem, rigid narrowly divergent branches and a viscid pubescence ex- tending even to the corolla; petioles shorter than the leaves them- selves, these in general cordate-rounded, the more or less acuminate tip twisted, the basal lobes often incurved, the larger 1-2 dm. long; racemiform inflorescence elongating, stout, the pedicels 5-12 mm. long, little longer in fruit; calyx campanulate, 5-7 mm. long, the lobes markedly unequal, 1-3 times as long as the tube, triangular, narrowly acuminate, often recurving; corolla tube about 3-5 mm. long, 5 mm. wide, the throat light greenish-yellow or red-tinted, the cylinder 5-10 mm. long, the cup oblique, 1.5-2 cm. long, nearly as broad, bell-like below the limb, this 8-12 mm. wide, pink, red or lemon-yellow within, waxen, glabrous but viscid puberulent without, the lobes usually broadly ovate with shortly acuminate recurved grooved tips, now and then short, even truncate; stamens all tardily exserted from throat or one shorter, the filaments sparsely lanate on lower half, oriented with style above the basal insertion, against upper side of flower; capsule broadly ovoid, 1-1.5 cm. long, included or nearly; seeds 0.6 mm. long, dark brown, reticulate, the ridges unevenly wavy; embryo straight; chromosome number 12 pairs. According to Comes, N. glutinosa was first discovered by Feuill^e in the Lima Valley and seeds were sent to Paris by the younger Jussieu; cultivated plants from seeds received from Lima had pink flowers with long, recurved calyx lobes and long, broad ovate corolla lobes; variations in other races include more strict plants, flat pan- icles, pendent flowers, shorter calyces with erect segments, shorter corolla throat and corolla lobes as well as color ranging from yellows to purplish-reds; plants grown from the Haught collection had lemon- yellow corollas and more triangular leaves while Metcalf 30782 varied 130 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII considerably in habit, leaf shape, orientation of pedicels and flowers, the latter varying also in size, shape and color; the floral variation tends to parallel that in N. tomentosa R. & P. and related species (Goodspeed). Characteristically occurs in semi-arid regions of the lower Andean slopes but has been collected to 2,700 meters, prob- ably as a weed. Illustrated, Goodspeed, I.e. 370, pi. 73. Piura: Cerros de Amotape, Haught 85. Amazonas: Balsas, Met- calf 30782. Ancash: Los Zorros, Goodspeed Exped. 9193. Lima: Huacho, Weberbauer. Matucana, 258. Rio Chillon, Pennell 14457. Near Lima, Soukup 3806; Weberbauer. Canta, Soukup 2827. Huancavelica: Pampas to Salcabamba, Stork & Horton 10258. Ancco, Soukup 4028. Apurimac: Cunyac Bridge near Abancay, Vargas 33 4; 9625. Ecuador. Nicotiana Knightiana Goodsp. Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 18: 139, pis. ll,12b. 1938; 340. Similar and related to N. paniculata but perennial in tendency, becoming subligneous and with shorter broad-throated bicolored co- rolla; panicles longer than broad, the pedicels 3-4 mm., in fruit 5- 8 mm. long; calyx cylindric, narrowed to base, the membranes often long, narrow-wedged, the short teeth broadly triangular; corolla pale yellow-green cinereous with short sericeous trichomes, the limb dark green, velvety, faintly notched into 5 subtruncate often mucronulate lobes; filaments slightly curved; capsule broadly ovoid, 6-10 mm. long. The name honors the late Lora J. Knight, who gave support to the first two South American expeditions of the University Bo- tanical Garden (California). Arequipa: Nazca to Chala, Metcalf 30336. Atiquipa, Worth & Morrison 15673. Southeast of Chala, Worth & Morrison 15696. Near Mollendo, Mexia 04161, type. Nicotiana paniculata L. Sp. PI. 1: 180. 1753; 339. A coarse foliose bushy annual (now and then persisting for more than a year), rarely 3 meters tall, with many vigorous erect or spread- ing branches equaling or exceeding the original axis; stem toward base, as petioles and leaves beneath, pulverulent-puberulent, above viscid pubescent especially in inflorescence; leaves, with petiole, about 1-1.5 (3) dm. long, ovate to cordate; panicles long, the central axis slender, the pedicels 2-5 mm., in fruit 5-10 mm. long; calyx narrowly cylindric, 6-10 mm. long, the membranes obscure, narrow, often elon- gate, the cuneate teeth shorter than the tube; corolla yellowish-green, FLORA OF PERU 131 glabrous or nearly, 2-3 cm. long to limb, the tube itself 3-5 mm. long, 2 mm. wide, the throat 3-5 times as long, 1.5-3 times as broad, cla- vate, the limb 2-3 mm. wide, the lobes frequently apiculate; the stamens subexserted, all or only 4 of filaments slightly geniculate, pubescent at insertion on base of corolla throat; capsule elliptic- ovoid, 8-12 mm. long, usually included; seeds oblong, angular-obo- void or ellipsoid, sometimes compressed, 0.5-0.6 mm. long, blackish- brown, fluted reticulate; embryo straight; chromosome number 12 pairs. Almost continuously in flower between 300 to 3,100 meters; this was the third species to be noted by a botanist, having been de- scribed and figured from Lima by Louis Feuille'e in 1714 (J. Observ. Phys. Math, et Bot. 1: 717, pi. 10. Paris). The type was grown from seed collected in Peru by Bernard de Jussieu. Illustrated, Good- speed, I.e. 338, pi. 60; Ruiz & Pavon, Fl. Peruv. 2: pi. 129. Cajamarca (fide Goodspeed). La Libertad: Otuzco, Gastanadui. Lima: (Nation 162}. Chancay, Ruiz & Pavdn; Wawra 2544.; Seler 243. Pachacamac, Mexia 8097; 8329. Huanuco: Near Huanuco, Ruiz & Pavdn. Junin: Palca, Stork 10984- Tarma, 104-4! Killip & Smith 21927. Ayacucho: Puquio, Metcalf 30292. Cuzco: Prov. de Anta, Hen era 1953. Arequipa: Tingo, Pennell 13124- Near Mol- lendo, West 8207. Arequipa, Seler 214; Isern 2012. Tacna: South of Tacna, Metcalf 30351. "Tobaco Cimarron," "ccama-sayari." Nicotiana Pavonii Dunal in DC. Prodr. 13, pt. 1: 561. 1852; 355. N. rustica L. var. Pavonii (Dunal) Goodsp. Nicotiana 355. 1954. To 12 dm. high, canescent pubescent all over, the prominent main axis with oblique branches from each axil; leaves broadly ovate to elliptic-ovate, the uppermost lanceolate, frequently attenuate to base, obtuse or acute; panicle with many slender many-flowered branches, in well-developed specimens becoming ample; calyx 8- 12 mm. long, 3-6 (8) mm. wide, oblong-cylindric, the dorsal tooth (or 2 teeth) elongate, all the teeth acute; corolla to about 17 mm. long, throat 6 mm. wide, limb 3-4 mm. wide; capsule elliptic-ovoid, 7-12 mm. long, 6-10 mm. across, the valves nearly entire, finally separating; seeds 0.7 mm. long, angular; embryo straight or nearly. Peruvian collections, especially in bud, have calyx, corolla and ovary somewhat purplish; Metcalf 30800 has calyx 11 mm. long, corolla 22 mm. long, limb 1.5 cm. wide, appearing crenate but the obscure broad lobes actually retuse; plants from seed collected at Huamachuco had corolla 19 mm. long, limb 11 mm. wide, the ob- scure lobes apiculate (Goodspeed) ; compare remarks under N. rus- 132 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII tied. Type localities, fide Dunal, are Chavin, Bombon (Junin) and Chicoplaya (Huanuco). Illustrated, Goodspeed, I.e. 352, fig. 66 (N. rustica var. Pavonii). F.M. Neg. 3029. Cajamarca: Near Cajamarca, Metcalf 30780. Amazonas: Toward Chachapoyas, Metcalf 30800; Soukup 1*172. La Libertad: Huama- chuco, West 8084- Ancash: Huaraz, (Stadelman 33). Lima: San Mateo, (Stadelman 7). Huanuco: Maria del Valle, 3566. Junin: Tarma, Stork 10948; 10983. Cuzco: Valle del Apurimac, Huara, Paucartambo, Vargas 331 (det. Standley). Puno: Cuyocuyo, Met- calf 30712. Chile, Bolivia, Ecuador. Nicotiana plumbaginifolia Viviani, Elench. PI. Hort. Dinegro 26, pi. 5. 1802; 403. An erect slender annual with tuberculate hispid flexuose soon wiry stem, long basal branches and a few rosulate leaves, these spat- ulate to obovate or oblanceolate, 1-2 dm. long or longer, hispid; leaves of lower stem as large or larger, rotund-ovate, broadly alate at the clasping to auriculate base, abruptly acuminate, usually twisted, undulate to plicate-erosulate, the upper sessile, auriculate, lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, strongly undulate-plicate; raceme- like inflorescences simple or remotely furcate, occasionally tardily branching, the pedicels 3-7 to finally 5-10 mm. long, flowers vesper- tine; calyx hispidulous, 8-13 mm. long, the elliptic ovoid tube 10- ribbed, the membranes long, narrow, the segments subulate filiform, subequal, about equaling the tube, erect or slightly spreading; corolla puberulent, the tubular part 2.5-3.5 cm. long, 1.5-2 mm. broad, greenish-ivory or somewhat purplish, the throat poorly defined but finally abruptly swollen to 3 or 4 mm. a few mm. below the some- what contracted mouth, the limb about 1 cm. wide, deeply lobed, the ovate acute lobes ivory or lavender without, with 5 dark nerves, white or lavender within; anthers dark purple, 4 subsessile, 2 or 3 mm. below mouth, sometimes didymous, the fifth about 3 mm. lower, its filament 1 mm. long; capsule narrowly ovoid, 8-11 mm. long, usually included; seeds 0.5 mm. long, rotund elliptic, light brown, wavy- reticulate; embryo straight; chromosome number 10 pairs. San Martin: Tarapoto, Spruce 4169. Adjacent Ecuador; north- western Argentina to southeastern Brazil; Mexico and Caribbean, common, perhaps introduced. Nicotiana Raimondii Macbr. Field Mus. Bot. 8: 106. 1930; 349. Semi-ligneous (the thin reddish cork tardily forming), a meter or two high with several to many erect whitish-green slender stems from FLORA OF PERU 133 a root-crown, dull velvety-puberulent as the petioles, leaf blades be- neath and calyces; leaves ovate or slightly cordate, 1-1.5 dm. long; panicles narrowly columnar, dense, the pedicels 6, finally 7 mm. long; calyx broadly cylindric, 6-7 mm. long, membranes variable, usually broader above, the subequal slightly recurved teeth minute; corolla 2.5-3 cm. long or longer to limb, glabrous, the tube itself about 2 mm. long and wide, the throat 10-14 times as long, to 3 times as broad, clavate, pale greenish-yellow, the paler limb 2-3 mm. wide, recurved with obscure shallow apiculate lobes; stamens subexserted, filaments densely lanate to 8 mm. above insertion at base of throat where straight; capsule dark brown, ellipsoid, 8-10 mm. long, slightly ex- serted; seeds angular-obovoid or suboblong, somewhat compressed, 0.6 mm. long, brown, fluted reticulate; chromosome number 12 pairs. Inflorescences rather lax to subglomerate; after an thesis many pedicels become hamate by basal curving; withered and darkened corolla may persist briefly (Goodspeed). Illustrated, Goodspeed, I.e., 348, fig. 64. Cuzco: Urubamba Valley, Hen era 1540, type; (Stadelman 22}; Soukup 16. Huambutio, West 6496. Ollantaitambo, Pennell 13665; Herrera 233. Nicotiana rustica L. Sp. PI. 1: 180. 1753; 351. Robust, the solitary or sometimes several erect stems moist-viscid pubescent, the indument merely a puberulence on the fleshy leaves, these ovate to elliptic-lanceolate, sometimes cordate or subrotund, often unequal at base, 1-1.5 dm. long or longer, the petiole much shorter than the blade; panicles various but the central axis distinct, the pedicels 3-4, later 5-7 mm. long; calyx 8-15 mm. long, poculi- form to cylindric, pubescent, the membranes narrow, one of the broad acute teeth much longer; corolla greenish^yellow, 12-17 mm. to limb, puberulent, the tube commonly 3 mm. long, 2 mm. wide, the throat about 3 times as long, 6-8 mm. wide, broadly obconic, slightly contracted at mouth, the limb 3-6 mm. wide, obscurely and obtusely lobed; stamens white pilose for about 2 mm. above basal insertion, 4 barely included, sigmoidly erect, the fifth shorter; cap- sule subellipsoid to subglobose, 7-16 mm. long, included or nearly; seeds 0.7-1.1 mm. long, dusky brown, fluted-reticulate; embryo straight or bent; chromosome number 24 pairs. After Goodspeed (as of course all other descriptions), who notes that his interpretation represents a composite picture of this highly polymorphic species, long a cultigen and apparently unknown today in the wild state (with 134 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII the possible exception of var. Pavonii (Dunal) Goodsp. (N. Pavonii Dunal), I.e. 355, which his description includes). For the usefulness of this work it seems preferable to retain N. Pavonii as a distinct species; otherwise its taxonomic standing is parallel to the formal variants pumila Schrank and brazilia Schrank; the native N. Pavonii is more slender, the filaments are slightly curved and especially the smaller capsules are dehiscent, the valves separating. The descrip- tion is included here largely to indicate its relationship to N. Pavonii and because according to Goodspeed genetic evidence has shown that it is an amphiploid, progenitors of N. paniculata and N. undulata having entered into its origin, N. Pavonii showing affinity to the for- mer in narrower flower, to the latter in traces of purple coloration. Illustrated, Goodspeed, I.e. 354, pi. 67 (var. brazilia Schrank). N. rustica rather than N. tabacum L. was the first tobacco grown and exported by the American colonists but today N. tabacum is cultivated commercially as a source of nicotine products (Goodspeed). Peru (compare note above). Nicotiana Setchellii Goodsp. Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 18: 195, pis. 14, 15. 1941; 367. Soft-woody shrub, 2-5 meters high, the 1-3 stems in age thinly corky, striated by shallow furrows, marked by leaf scars, much branched, green, viscid pubescent as the leaves beneath; leaves shortly decurrent, sessile or with short alate petiole, base somewhat auricled, obscurely pubescent both sides, oblong, oblanceolate or lanceolate-elliptic, 4-8 dm. long; panicle congested, primary branches about 30, mostly simple, the pedicels 10-18, in fruit 15-20 mm. long, directing the flowers centrifugally, the maturing capsules centripet- ally; calyx 1.5-2.5 cm. long, broadly cylindric or cylindric-campanu- late, teeth unequal, narrowly triangular-acuminate, the longest often equaling the tube; corolla viscid or varnished without, the tube 5 mm. long, slightly wider, the throat pale greenish-yellow, sometimes red-tinged, the throat cylinder 1.5-2 cm. long, 7-8 mm. wide, the throat cup twice as broad as the cylinder, 15-18 mm. long, slightly inclined, widely open; limb 12-15 mm. wide, ascending, red tinged with bronze, within pink to red, the lobes shallow to obsolescent with acuminately protracted tips, the entire limb pentagonal; stamens all or nearly all exserted but included in limb, the filaments inserted near the base, then oriented with the style against the lower side of the flower, quite glabrous or below puberulent; capsule elliptic, 1.5- 2 cm. long, included; seeds subspherical to somewhat obovoid, about FLORA OF PERU 135 0.5 mm. long, dull brown, reticulate, the ridges minutely wavy; em- bryo straight; chromosome number 12 pairs. Known only from type, found along trail on Beauchamp's second day's journey from Cha- chapoyas; readily distinguished from N. tabacum by its shrubbiness, simple pattern of inflorescence, stamen orientation and bowl-like co- rolla limb, which with the throat cup forms a bell. After first year (at Berkeley) a single plant increased by root sprouting to twenty or more individuals, some even at a distance of twelve meters. Illus- trated, Goodspeed, I.e. 368, pi. 72. The name recognizes the role of the late W. A. Setchell in initi- ating and contributing to the Nicotiana investigations at the Uni- versity of California. Amazonas: Between Chachapoyas and Leimabamba, Beauchamp, type. Nicotiana tabacum L. Sp. PI. 1: 180. 1753; 372. Stout viscid annual or limited perennial 1-3 meters high, the thick erect stem with few rapidly ascending branches, the decurrent leaves (the larger at least 5 dm. long) ovate-elliptic or lanceolate, attenuate to base or alate-subpetiolate, acuminate; panicle with distinct rachis, the several branches usually compound, commonly shorter than ra- chis; pedicels 5-10 (15) mm. long, in fruit 10-20 (25) mm.; calyx cylindric to cylindric-campanulate, 12-20 (25) mm. long, viscid, the triangular acuminate teeth shorter than or equaling the tube, un- equal; corolla little if at all curved, puberulent, the tube proper (7) 10-15 mm. long, 2.5-3 mm. wide, the throat (23) 25-40 mm. long, the lower half cylindric, 3-5 mm. wide, pale greenish-cream as the upper half or this pink to red, usually abruptly expanded into a deep cup 7-12 mm. wide but occasionally obconic; limb 1-1.5 cm. wide, lobed or pentagonal, white, pink or red ; stamens inserted on base of corolla throat, erect, oriented to upper side of flower or evenly spaced, an- thers or two longer pairs near mouth slightly exserted, the fifth stamen shorter than either pair; capsule narrowly ellipsoid, ovoid or orbicular, acute or obtuse, exserted or included, 1.5-2 cm. long; seeds spherical or broadly elliptical, about 0.5 mm. long, brown, ridges fluted, embryo straight; chromosome number 24 pairs. This, of course, is the species in cultivation that is the commercial source of the habit-forming drug nicotine, the use of which doubtless some day will be controlled as in the case of other drugs. Goodspeed, I.e. 373-375, has given an interesting account of the species-origin, vari- ation and relationship which in part reads: there is today no well- 136 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII authenticated record of the occurrence of this species in the wild state; presumably it escaped from pre-Columbian as it certainly has from present-day agriculture, particularly in Central and South America; its demonstrable origin in amphiploidy, involving progeni- tors of a member of section Tomentosae and of N. sylvestris Speg. & Comes, suggests that its original area of natural distribution was northwestern Argentina and adjacent Bolivia, where N. otophora Griseb. is today in contact with the latter or where relatively re- cently that or other species of section Tomentosae had such a contact. Still quoting the monographer, the type (from "America") consists of a lanceolate acuminate leaf 24 cm. long, attenuate into a short alate petiolar region and a young inflorescence with only flowers; calyx 16-17 mm. long, cylindric to campanulate, corolla 4.5 cm. long to limb, throat cylinder 3 mm. wide, abruptly expanded, throat cup 1.5 cm. long, 7 mm. wide; limb lobes elongate, acuminate; major variations involve shrubby habit, leaves sessile, auricled, or with non-alate petioles, inflated orbicular calyces, short broad teeth, slen- der corollas, gradually expanded throat, pentagonal limb. For synon- ymy consisting mostly of varieties see Goodspeed, I.e. 372. Illustrated, I.e. 374, fig. 74. Often persisting as an escape from cultivation as the race "Machu- picchu" collected near the famous archaeological site above the Rio Urubamba, Cuzco; tall in habit, it is strongly suggestive of the Bo- livian N. tomentosiformis Goodspeed, I.e. 363, in leaf, inflorescence and flower. Cajamarca: Monte Seco, Soukup 3890. San Martin: Tarapoto, Lamas, San Roque, Williams 5529; 6456; 7248. Huanuco: Llata, 2277. Junin: Huancayo, Soukup 3978. Loreto: Rio Nanay, Wil- liams 428; 1287. Cuzco: On old terraces, ruins of Machupicchu, Mexia 8073; 8072. Nicotiana thyrsiflora Bitter ex Goodsp. Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 18: 138, pi. 13. 1938; 349. Coarse, simple or sparingly branched perennial 1-3 meters high marked by the densely puberulent thick stem terminating in an erect stout columnar panicle with slender suberect laterals; pedicels 8- 15 mm. long; calyx 1-1.5 cm. long, deeply campanulate, obscurely pubescent, the membranes short, narrow, the triangular teeth tipped with darker green, the longest less than half the length of the tube, often much less; corolla glabrous, greenish-yellow, 9-15 mm. long to limb, the tube 2-4 mm. long and wide, the throat 3.5 times as FLORA OF PERU 137 long, 5-7 mm. wide, broadly obconic or inflated-funnelform, con- tracted at mouth, the limb 3.5 mm. wide, the lobes apiculate; sta- mens all subexserted, inserted at base of throat, the filaments there sparsely pilose; capsule broadly oval, 1-1.5 cm. long, included; seeds about 1 mm. long, dull sooty brown-black, honeycomb reticulate; embryo straight or nearly; chromosome number 12 pairs. Its spicate habit suggests Verbascum thapsus L.; the corolla limb is a bowl as broad as the corolla is long; it differs from N. rustica L. in the crowded narrow sessile leaves, spicate habit, ascendant corolla limb (or this only in part deflecting) and sometimes purple anthers (Good- speed). Grass-shrub formation, stony slopes, 2,800 to 3,800 meters. Illustrated, Goodspeed, I.e. 350, fig. 65. Cajamarca: Los Tajones Valley, Stork & Horton 10018. La Libertad: Between Huamachuco and Angasmarca, Weberbauer 7015, type; West 8179. North of Cachicadan, Stork & Horton 9990. San- tiago de Chuco, Stork & Horton 9943. Nicotiana tomentosa R. & P. Fl. Peruv. 2: 16, pi. 129, fig. a. 1799; 357. Lehmannia tomentosa (R. & P.) Spreng. Anleit. Kennt. Gew. 2:458. 1817. Sometimes arborescent and attaining 7 meters, the ascendant branches forming a crown, the 1-3 stems tardily forming cork, in age laced by leaf scars, usually more or less viscid pubescent includ- ing the calyces; leaves decurrent, the short petiole alate, 2-11 dm. long, the uppermost leaves subsessile, typically viscid-tomentose be- neath, ovate to elliptic-lanceolate; panicles in type lax, ample, with 10-15 remote rigid branches, the bracts deciduous, the pedicels 10- 12 mm., in fruit 15-20 mm. long; calyx about 1.5-2 cm. long, poculi- form-campanulate, typically loosely enclosing the corolla throat, the longest of the rather broad acute teeth not exceeding the calyx tube; corolla sparsely and minutely glandular only without, the tube obso- lete or nearly, the throat 2-3.5 cm. long, light greenish-yellow, 6 or 7 mm. broad below, narrowed above, one side shorter, the throat cup as long as the cylindrical part, about twice as broad, declinate, widely open, 5-10 mm. wide, usually pink or red and the darker and lighter areas forming a pattern, the lobes in type poorly defined, abruptly acuminate; stamens far-exserted, filaments at base then oriented against upper side of flower, curved, glabrous; style somewhat curved toward apex; capsule broadly ovoid-oblong, 10-18 mm. long in type, included or nearly, subligneous; seeds oval to nearly spherical, about 0.4 mm. long, dark brown, reticulate, the ridges irregularly wavy; 138 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII embryo straight; chromosome number 12 pairs. Limb margin withers with cup. The seed is the smallest in the genus; approaches through var. Leguiana (Macbr.) Goodsp. I.e. 361 (N. Leguiana in Field Mus. Bot. 8: 105. 1930), N. tomentosiformis Goodsp. I.e. 363, of Bolivia, the throat cup of the smaller flower shorter than the cylinder, and N. otophora Griseb., of Bolivia and Argentina, unique in withering of limb margin in anthesis (Goodspeed). The variety (named in honor of a former president of Peru) which replaces the typical form in southern Peru and adjacent Bolivia has leaves chalky- or downy- tomentose beneath to obscurely pubescent or nearly glabrous in age; panicles usually compact, branches 12-60, rarely all remote; calyx 1-1.5 cm. long, ordinarily closely investing and shorter than the cylindrical part of the corolla throat, the teeth variable; corolla limb white, pink or red, deeply lobed, the lobes obtuse, acute or acuminate; capsules at least half exserted. It seems to be a consistently and rea- sonably well-established species occupying its own geographic area in spite of its obviously close relationship to the three plants already mentioned. "N. colossea Andre" appears to be the most widely distributed garden representative of the polymorphic variety. It is spontaneous in gardens in Arequipa and cultivated in warmer botanical gardens everywhere; Goodspeed, I.e. 363, has given a detailed description of this horticultural race. All collections are the variety except those from Huanuco. Illustrated, Goodspeed, I.e. 358, fig. 68; 360, fig. 69 (var.); Bot. Mag. 118, pi. 7252 ("N. colossea" as N. tomentosa). F.M. Neg. 18237. Huanuco: Near Chinchao, Mexia 04144- Maria del Valle, 3548. Muiia, 3990; Ruiz & Pawn, type. Acomayo, Mexia 04110. Hua- mincha, Woytkowski 34221. Puente Durand, Stork & Horton 9879. Junin: La Merced, Killip & Smith 24070 (distr. as N. Rusbyi). Tarma to Carpapata, Stork 10964; Soukup 3964- Huancavelica: Salca- bamba, Stork & Horton 10281. Ayacucho: Aina, Killip & Smith 23118. Apurimac: Talavera, West 3736. Prov. Abancay, Good- speed Exped. 10579. Cuzco: Machupicchu, Herrera 3213; Goodspeed 4527. Valle de Santa Ana, Herrera 3616. Ollantaitambo, Pennell 13638. Paucartambo, Vargas 332; 333. Chuyani, Vargas 9744- Towards Pillahuata, West 7104. Yacay, Soukup 769. Medias Mayo, Vargas 11160. Cedrobamba to Maquina, Valle de San Mi- guel, Herrera 1991 (type, N. Leguiana). Puno: Near Sandia, Met- calf 30716. Bolivia. FLORA OF PERU 139 Nicotiana undulata R. & P. Fl. Peruv. 2: 16, pi. ISO, fig. b. 1799; 377. N. breviflora Poir. Suppl. Lam. Encycl. Meth. 4: 94. 1816. N. undulata var. angustifolia Comes, Monogr. Nicot. 30. 1899. Somewhat fleshy annual, to 2 meters high, the rather stout more or less ridged velvety canescent stem often viscid above, the many branches more slender; radical leaves rosulate, elliptic to lanceolate, 2-8 (18) cm. long, puberulent, the lowest petioles one-half as long, progressively shorter to obsolete above, the upper leaves broadly ovate or ovate-elliptic to lanceolate, sometimes cordate, usually ob- tuse, ribbed and commonly corrugated, 8-20 (30) cm. long; panicle axis and branches racemosely extended, the pedicels 1-3 mm., finally 2-6 mm. long; calyx nearly as long as corolla, frequently viscid, the tube cupulate, membranes scant, teeth broad, obtuse or subacute, one long and convex, the rest very short; corolla sordidly greenish- yellow, usually with a blue-purple tinge, the tube proper 2-3 mm. long and broad, the throat 3 times as long, 1.5-2 times as broad, obconic-cylindric, clavate, pubescent, the limb 2-6 mm. wide, re- flexed, irregular, the short broad lobes acute; 4 stamens barely in- cluded, the filaments subgeniculate near insertion at base of throat where spreading pilose, the shorter fifth filament glabrous or nearly, arcuate; capsule broadly oval, 5-10 mm. long, included, the large calyx segment galeate; seeds oblong or suboblong, about 0.8 mm. long, nearly black, fluted reticulate, embryo straight; chromosome number 12 pairs. N. undulata is a polymorphic species; apparently, a tall (averaging 1 meter) pyramidal form with larger corolla, limb 4-6 mm. wide, is common from the Cuzco region to near Cajamarca, while southward from Lake Titicaca the average height approaches 5 dm. Habit is commonly a clump of stems, corolla tube is 2-3 mm. wide and inflorescence is simpler; the species bridges subgenus Pe- tunioides (as evidenced by the acute lobe, irregular greenish-white corolla limb) and subgenus Rustica as shown in habit, in leaf-type and in the velvety canescent stem (Goodspeed). Occurs in cold dry lower puna, 2,700 to 4,200 meters. Illustrated, Goodspeed, I.e. fig. 75. F.M. Negs. 18236; 18391. Cajamarca: Toward Celendin, Metcalf 30781. Lima: Chicla, (Ball). Viso, 584- Junin: Pampa, Bombon, Ruiz & Pavdn, type. La Oroya, Stork 10445. Huancavelica: Near Huancavelica, Weber- bauer; Soukup 2773. Ayacucho: Puquio to Lucanas, Metcalf 30328. Cuzco: Pisac, West 7173. Near Cuzco, Soukup 17; 18. San An- dres, Vargas 9843. Puno: Granja Saleedo, Vargas 9627; Soukup 902. 140 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII Near Puno, Soukup 632. Tacna: Candarave, Weberbauer 7375. To northwestern Argentina. 20. FABIANA R. & P. In Peru a viscid-resinous compactly and fasciculately branched shrub with almost minute somewhat imbricate leaves. Peduncles solitary, the single tubular-funnelform flower 5-merous. Corolla tube more or less ampliate, the plicate limb shortly lobed. Stamens equal, included, the anthers longitudinally dehiscent. Stigma bi- lamellate. Disk if present fleshy. Capsule included, 2-valved, api- cally bifid. Fabiana densa Remy, Ann. Sci. Nat. ser. 3, 8: 227. 1847; 589. Bark rugose, the erect branches rather slender, somewhat flexu- ose, puberulent; leaves many, alternate, sessile, narrowly linear, slightly incrassate apically, 2-3 mm. long, scarcely 0.3 mm. wide; pedicels axillary, shorter than leaves, cylindric, glandular; calyx tubular-campanulate, segments lanceolate-linear, obtuse, granulose- viscid-puberulent as the violet-green corolla, this three times longer, narrowed medially, throat inflated, oval lobes subacutely narrowed ; disk biparted, orange; style longer than stamens, inflated stigma simple; capsule ovoid. The Peruvian shrub is var. ramulosa Wedd. Chloris And. 2: 95, pL 57. 1857, type a meter tall, the yellowish- brown flowers about 1 cm. long. Tacna: Tacora, (Weddell, type, var.). Candarave, Weberbauer 7363; 7363a. Tijaca, Raimondi. Bolivia. 21. NIEREMBERGIA R. & P. Reference: R. Millan, Darwiniana 5: 487-547. 1941. Herbs or ligneous below, the Peruvian species with filiform repent stems, short ascending-erect branches. Flowers subsessile, solitary, extra-axillary or opposite the entire leaves, the corolla tube slender, elongate. Capsule valves deeply bifid. Otherwise like Fabiana R. & P., the ovary stiped. Juan Eusebio Nieremberg was a Spanish naturalist (1595-1658). Nierembergia repens R. & P. Fl. Peruv. 2: 13, pi. 123, fig. c. 1799; 498. N. spathulata HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 3: 8. 1818, fide Millan; cf. below. FLORA OF PERU 141 Branches and younger solitary or subgeminate leaves slightly puberulent; leaves elliptic-subspathulate, rounded or obtuse at apex, narrowed to petiole, 1-nerved, glabrous in age; calyx tubular, pilose below, the lanceolate segments acute; corolla white or lilac, glabrous, the slender tube 4 times longer; limb abruptly dilated, subcampan- ulate, plicately 5-lobed, the rounded lobes equal; capsule rounded- ovoid. The presumably Peruvian plant is var. pilosella Dunal in DC. Prodr. 13, pt. 1: 583, 1852, petioles margined, 6-30 mm. long, leaves smaller, subapiculate, 8-18 mm. long, 4-5 mm. wide, pilosu- lous; corolla tube 2.5-3 cm. long, abruptly dilated into the campan- ulate limb; seeds oblong, subangled, brownish. Corolla tube 3-6 cm. long, limb 2.5 cm. wide (Millan). Millan has reasoned that it is an error to accept Nicotiana minina Molina, Sag. Nat. Chile 153. 1782, as the earliest name for this plant as proposed by Johnston, Contr. Gray Herb. 70: 92. 1924; the plant of Molina is included without ques- tion by Goodspeed in his list of insufficiently known species of Nicoti- ana. However this may be, the occurrence of the plant in Peru is to be verified, as apparently there is only the one doubtful record. Likewise, the viscid N. petunioides Dunal, I.e. 506, with subfiliform tube gradually dilated to the limb, is even more doubtfully Peruvian, but in all probability it was collected in Chile and may indeed be a species of Petunia. Possibly occurring is N. boliviana Millan, I.e. 537, pi. ISA, from adjacent Bolivia, an ascending (scandent?) plant with viscid sublinear leaves and calyx lobes, glabrous corolla tube 8 mm. long, limb small; it may be Ule 9762 from Rio Acre, Brazil, given an herbarium name by Bitter in reference to its habit. Francey, in Diels' Contr. Flora Ecuador, Biblioteca Botanica 288. 1938, ob- served that the leaves and flowers of Ecuadorean specimens repre- senting species of HBK. are only a third to a half as large as those of N. repens, ex char. Illustrated, Millan, I.e. pi. 1. F.M. Neg. 540. Peru(?): Without locality, Dombey (Ruiz & Pavori). Ecuador? Colombia? Chile. 22. SALPIGLOSSIS R. & P. Leptoglossis Benth. Voy. Sulph. 143. 1844. Leptofeddea Diels, Repert. Sp. Nov. 16: 193. 1919. Slender-stemmed viscid-pubescent or nearly glabrous annuals or half-shrubs with more or less evanescently subrosulate basal leaves, the upper peduncled or sessile, narrow, entire (Peru) . Flowers tubu- lar, with 5-lobed somewhat bilabiate spreading limb. Corolla often 142 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII net-veined. Fertile stamens 4 or 2 (Leptofeddea) or two reduced in size (Leptoglossis') ; no botanical name is needed to honor the owner of the useful serial in which Diels published his segregate "marked by the contrasting basal and stem leaves." The popular garden flower S. sinuata R. & P. of Chile may per- sist; it is known by the generic name; its almost infinite variations in color and corolla lobing have been studied cytologically as by Dale, Amer. Journ. Bot. 24: 651-656. 1937, and by Dale and Rees-Leonard, Genetics 24 : 356-367. 1939, who, curiously, did not investigate the species. Fertile stamens 4 (2 sometimes smaller) ; calyx glabrous. Corolla colored; calyx straight S. acutiloba. Corolla white with yellow center; calyx curved S. albiflora. Fertile stamens 2; calyx puberulent or viscid. Evanescent annual; calyx puberulent S. lomana. Persisting but flowering as an annual; calyx viscid. S. schwenkioides. Salpiglossis acutiloba Johnst. Contr. Gray Herb. 85: 179. 1929. S. linearis Johnst. I.e. 81: 96. 1928, not Hook. Annual to 3 dm. high, inconspicuously glandular- villous at base and on corollas without; rosulate basal leaves oblanceolate, 2-3 cm. long, the cauline linear, 2-6 cm. long, 1-1.5 mm. wide, all entire; flowers at branchlet tips in an irregular cyme; calyx 4-7 mm. long, to 10 mm. long in fruit, the upper lobes longer; corolla tube orange- yellow or greenish, more or less brown- or purple-veined, especially the lobes, 17-20 mm. long, the tube 11-15 mm. long, to 0.5 mm. wide at base, 2 mm. wide above, the lower lip lobes oblong-lanceolate, bilobulate, to 2.5 mm. long, the upper 3 lobulate, the lobes narrowly ovate, 2 mm. reflexed, 2 mm. long; 2 upper anthers perfect, filaments villous toward base, lowest stamen (in type) also fertile but reduced, stigma entire; capsule ellipsoid, to 4 mm. long, seeds angulate. Section Leptoglossis Wettstein, Pflanzenfam. 4, Abt. 3b: 36. 1891, but corolla tube abruptly contracted along the base; the fifth stamen may be present or absent in most species, as it probably is here (author). Arequipa: Tiabaya, Pennell 13081; 13063, type. Tingo, Pennell 13119. Yura, Vargas 7984. Moquehua: Hills southeast of Moque- hua, Weberbauer 71*56 (det. Johnston). FLORA OF PERU 143 Salpiglossis albiflora Johnst. Contr. Gray Herb. 85: 178. 1929. Similar to the preceding species but differs in lobes of white corolla semiorbicular or broadly ovate, 2-3 mm. broad, ascending, calyx somewhat curved, costate, shorter, and stigma emarginate, bilobed. The corolla is white with yellow eye; the stigma resembles that of S. schwenkioides (author). Ancash: Pampa Romas, Weberbauer 3178. Lima: Matucana, 375 (det. Johnston). Near Chosica, Weberbauer 5325. San Bartolome', Weberbauer 5297 (det. Johnston). Moquehua: Mt. Estuquina, Weberbauer 7424a, type. Between Moquehua and Torata, Weber- bauer 7424- Ayacucho: Near Nazca, Ferreyra 5465 (det. Cowan), lea: Huaytara, Weberbauer 5400. Salpiglossis lomana (Diels) Macbr., comb. nov. Leptofeddea lomana Diels, Repert. Sp. Nov. 16: 193. 1919. Type to about 1 dm. tall, simple; basal leaves (petioles 2-5 mm. long) more or less suborbicular, 3-8 mm. across, veinless, the stem leaves near or with the cyme, linear-oblanceolate, to 12 mm. long, 1.5-2.5 mm. wide; cymes pubescent; calyx tube 4 mm. long, 3.5 mm. wide, linear lobes 3 mm. long, 1 mm. wide; corolla lurid yellow or cream-colored (Mexia), the tube about 1.5 cm. long, 4-5 mm. broad, the lobes 2.5-3 mm. long; stamens 7-8 mm. long, staminodia 4 mm. long; ovary 3 mm. long; style much dilated at apex, emarginate. The type a slender annual, the leaves mostly subrosulate near the base. F.M. Neg. 3064. Arequipa: Mollendo lomas, Weberbauer I486, type; Gunther 12246 (det. Morton). Mexia 7776 (det. Johnston); 04176. Salpiglossis schwenkioides (Benth.) Wettst. Pflanzenfam. 4, Abt. 3b: 36. 1891. Leptoglossis schwenkioides Benth. Voy. Sulph. 143. 1844. Persisting as a perennial, ligneous below, herbaceous and, espe- cially above, viscid-pubescent, branching; leaves sessile, lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, acuminate, 1-1.5 cm. long or longer; flowers crowded at branchlet tips, variously cymose; calyx 3 to (in fruit) about 5 mm. long; corolla tube 15-18 mm. long, limb 6-8 mm. across, fertile stamens 4, included; style apically dilated, lobes orbicular; capsules membranous, valves finally bifid ; seeds many, subangulate. La Libertad : Above Trujillo, 1,000 meters, Ldpez M. 0739. An- cash: (Weberbauer, 167). Lima: Toward Huaral, south base of Hua- 144 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII choc Pass, 1,000 meters, Hutchison 1032. Huaman tango, (Barclay, type). Sta. Eulalia, 1,200 meters, Goodspeed 33098. San Bartolome", Weberbauer 5290. Without locality, (Mathews 1011; Cumings 1010). Near Canta, Ferreyra 7255 (det. Cowan). 23. SCHWENKIA L. Erect or scandent herbs or somewhat ligneous with alternate en- tire leaves and racemose-paniculate long-tubular yellowish-green flowers in the upper axils. Corolla limb erect, plicate or 5-denticu- late, the minute or setaceous teeth often expanded into laciniform entire or bifid appendages. Fertile stamens 2-4, anthers 2-celled, coherent. Style subexserted, stigma entire. Disk cupulate or some- times obsolete. The almost filiform corolla base of the only species in Peru distinguishes it handily from Salpiglossis and Browallia; otherwise, the induplicate scarcely imbricate aestivation has been accepted as its chief character. Schwenkia grandiflora Benth. in DC. Prodr. 10: 193. 1846. Becoming scandent and suffruticose toward base, branches terete, finely striate and pilosulous as the petioles (6-10 mm. long) and leaf- nerves beneath; leaves suboblong, membranous, to 6 cm. long or longer, 3.5 cm. wide, acuminate, the uppermost much reduced; pan- icles ample, lax, the bracts minute; pedicels filiform, scarcely as long as calyx, this campanulate, about 3-4 mm. long, teeth linear, acu- minate, 1.5 mm. long; corolla 2.5-3 cm. long, tube little ampliate to limb, setosely denticulate and with much longer acuminate append- ages; anthers 2, visible, reaching to tip of corolla lobes, style slightly exserted; filaments pubescent; capsule papillose-punctate, valves mem- branous; seeds few, striate, rugulose. Flowers clear green (Schunke) ; yellow (Klug). Loreto: Rio Mazan, Jose Schunke 24. Near Iquitos, Klug 751. To British Guiana. 24. BROWALLIA L. Reference: Bentham in DC. Prodr. 10: 197-198. 1846. Slender glabrous or viscid-pubescent annuals (or rarely peren- nials) with thin entire alternate or subopposite leaves and salverform solitary or racemose flowers. Calyx (in flower) narrowly to broadly campanulate. Corolla limb oblique, slightly bilabiate, aestivation FLORA OF PERU 145 imbricate. Perfect stamens 4, filaments ciliate to lanate, unequal. Style sublobulate. Frequently grows in cultivated lands and along trails, the yellow-eyed blue, violet or white flowers attractive. The Chilean Schizanthus pinnatus R. & P., with pinnate or bipinnate leaves and purple-blotched white or lavender flowers with cleft or laciniate lobes, may persist from cultivation, which probably was the origin of the collection by Woitschach from Tacna. John Browall was Bishop of Abo (Sweden) in 1743; originally an intimate friend of Linnaeus, the latter, according to Hooker, Bot. Mag. 58: 3069. 1831, immortalized their subsequent disagreement by naming the three known species B. elata L., this to express the degree of their union, B. demissa L., its cessation, and B. alienata L. (Ruellia species) ; while these names intimate the uncertain char- acters of the plant, they also imply the friends' differences; botanists have often made known their disappointment in each other, as Ruiz and Pavon and any number of our time, but rarely if ever so subtly! It seems to me there is no clear concomitance of morphological characters used to define species and therefore their genetic status is questionable, in turn their taxonomic significance; the expediency of my key will be apparent in the sorting of any considerable number of collections; it may be useful to remark that as in so many annuals with weedy tendencies, early and later vegetative developments may differ greatly (one or more species surely persist as semi-ligneous plants) and apparently size of flowers as well as luxuriance of entire plant may depend at least partly on environment; sometimes corollas considerably smaller may be among the last produced and there seems to be a glandular and eglandular phase for at least some spe- cies, as the character itself is variable. Obviously my scepticism of the species is great it may be too great. [Mr. Macbride's scepticism is perhaps amply justified. We note that Mr. Langhammer, who has a revision of Browallia in prep- aration, has annotated most of our Peruvian specimens of the genus as Browallia americana L. (with two subspecific designations). If Mr. Langhammer is justified in making the reductions which his annotations on our specimens would indicate, the Browallias of Peru should be reduced to two species : B. americana (with two sub- species) and B. speciosa. Mr. Macbride could not be consulted when this publication was ready to go on the press. In light of information not available to 146 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII Mr. Macbride when he saw the page proofs and information sup- plied by telephone by Conrad V. Morton, astute student of the Solanaceae it was decided to take out of the manuscript two un- published specific entities which were credited to Mr. Morton. The manuscript, other than the change mentioned and necessary revision of the key to reflect the modification, has been left as Mr. Macbride wrote it. The specimens which Mr. Macbride cited under the two specific entities which we have deleted from the Flora have been annotated by Langhammer as Browallia americana L. (broad sense). These specimens, as Mr. Macbride cited them, are: Huancavelica: Surcubamba, Weberbauer 6496. Ayacucho: Es- trella, Kittip & Smith 23083, type. Puquio, Ferreyra 5467 (flowers large); 22683 (flowers large, det. Standley, B. grandiflora). Cuzco: Tunguimayo, Balls. Potrero, Vargas 1750. Piura: Amotape Hills, Haught 56. East of Talara, (Haught & Svenson 11555). Piura to Nomala, Weberbauer 5942. La Brea, Horton 11585. Negritos, Haught 8. Near Sullana, Haught 152. East of Cape Parina, Haught 120. South of Paita, Haught 236. Lima: Obrajillo, (Cruckshanks, det. Hooker). Ecuador. For those who may wish to treat the Peruvian species of Browallia more conservatively the following key will distinguish the two specific concepts maintained according to Langhammer's annotations on our specimens. The concept of B. americana L. is, of course, in the broad sense. Corolla tube about 4 cm. long, the limb 4-5 cm. broad; calyx in flower about 2 cm. long, distinctly asymmetrical, the lobes linear-lanceolate and about half as long as the calyx tube. B. speciosa. Corolla tube mostly less than 2 cm. long, the limb about 2 cm. broad; calyx in flower about 1 cm. long, the lobes narrowly oblong to narrowly triangular or sometimes ovate, usually less than half as long as the tube B. americana. Editor's note.] KEY TO BROWALLIA Calyx lobes ovate-subulate, acuminate, subequaling tube; solitary flowers to 4 cm. long, 5 cm. across B. speciosa. FLORA OF PERU 147 Calyx lobes oblong-elliptic or suboval, obtuse to subacute, much shorter than tube; pedicels more or less elongating in fruit, then at least twice as long as calyx. Floriferous branchlets or solitary flowers from or above often re- duced sessile or subsessile leaves. Pedicels, especially the lower, much longer in fruit. B. peduncular is. Pedicels, even the lower, rarely more than twice longer than fruiting calyx B. Dombeyana, B. abbreviata. Floriferous branchlets or solitary flowers from axils of little re- duced shortly petioled leaves . . . .B. speciosa, B. grandiflora. Calyx lobes ovate-lanceolate (or suboblong), acute to acuminate; pedicels and calyx subequal even in fruit, the former unless the lowest not or little elongating; leaves usually only slightly re- duced above, sometimes remote (cf. B. speciosa). Calyx lobes somewhat divergent or pedicels approximate, the latter sometimes a little longer in fruit. Pedicels at least as long as calyx; leaves glabrate.-B. grandiflora. Pedicels shorter than calyx; leaves hirtellous B. viscosa. Calyx lobes erect or suberect; solitary leafy-bracted pedicels little longer in fruit B. americana. Browallia abbreviata Benth. Voy. Sulph. 144. 1844. Similar to B. grandiflora Graham but typically distinguishable by the short broadly campanulate calyx, the oval or ovate-oblong divisions early subequaling the tube. In the Dombey specimen (in flower, Herb. DC.) the calyx lobes are about half as long as the tube! It is B. Dombeyana in part but the leaves are petiolate; Metcalf 30320 has calyx 6 mm. long, broad teeth scarcely 2 mm. long, leaves sessile to petioled; calyx as in B. peduncularis often purple-lined or -spotted; these specimens may be phases of B. peduncularis Benth. or (and) B. viscosa HBK. depending on the significance of the genetic characters. The calyx is about half the size of B. viscosa. F.M. Neg. 7787 (Dombey). La Libertad: Hacienda Campoden, Nunez 437 (toward B. vis- cosa in calyx). Lima: Huaman tango, (Barclay, type). Near Lima, (Cuming 1078}. Puruchuco, (Mathews 712). Chosica, Weberbauer 5348 (det. Johnston, B. viscosa). Prov. Canete, Vargas 9317. Viso, 148 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII Goodspeed Exped. 11527. Lomas of Asia, Grant 7494. Matucana, 194 (distr. as B. viscosa); Raimondi (det. Werdermann, B. demissa). Toward Canta, Ferreyra 7267 (det. Cowan). Valle de Chillon, Nunez 909. Surco, Ferreyra 3456; 6104 (det. Cowan, B. viscosa). Without locality, Dombey 321 (det. Bentham). Huanuco: Edge of cultivated field, 4217; 1459 (toward B. viscosa). Ayacucho: Puquio to Luca- nas, Metcalf 30320 (det. Morton). lea: Above Pisco, Weberbauer 5398. Browallia americana L. Sp. PI. 631. 1753. B. demissa L. Syst. ed. 10. 1118. 1758-59. Slender hollow-stemmed annual, lightly pilose or essentially gla- brous, rarely slightly glandular even to the calyx; pedicels about 5 mm. long in fruit, the calyx teeth then ovate, acute, less than half as long as the tube or about 2 mm. long; corolla to about 2 cm. long; seeds brown, densely foveolate. Stems and leaves soft, the flowers solitary (Svenson). Description from Raimondi 1871; all his speci- mens det. Werdermann. Tumbez: Toward Matapato, Ferreyra, Cerrate & Tovar 10682. Cajamarca: Cascas, Raimondi. San Martin: Moyobamba, Rai- mondi 1871; King 3376 (det. Morton); Woytkowski 35305 (det. Cua- trecasas); San Roque, Williams 7126; 7167; 7407; 7622. Lima: Hills of Lurin, Ruiz & Pavdn. Huanuco: Cuchero and Pillao, Ruiz 6 Pavdn. Pasco: Quillasu, Soukup 3302 (det. L. B. Smith). Junin: Biscaton, Raimondi. Loreto: Iquitos, Williams 8105. Widely dis- tributed in subtropical South America. Browallia Dombeyana Damm. Bot. Jahrb. 37: 642. 1906. Branches scarcely 1 mm. thick; leaves sessile or nearly (petioles to 1 mm. long), ovate-lanceolate, obtuse, 8-15 mm. long, 3-8 mm. wide, glabrous; pedicels 1-2 mm. long, pulverulent; calyx campanu- late, minutely glandular pilose as corolla, the oval lobes scarcely 1 mm. long; corolla hypercrateriform, tube cylindric, 1.5 cm. long, 1 mm. in diameter, throat 3 mm. long, 2 mm. in diameter, lobes unequal, obtuse; stamens 4, filaments 2 mm. long, pilose; ovary api- cally pilose, style 1 cm. long, stigma broadly lobed. The 2 upper filaments connate in type but doubtfully always (author); almost certainly a phase of B. abbreviata. F.M. Neg. 3050. Lima: Cerro Amancaes, Raimondi (det. Werdermann); Ferreyra 4048 (det. Cowan). Matucana, Raimondi. Lurin, Pachacama, Ruiz & Pavdn; (Dombey, type). FLORA OF PERU 149 Browallia grandifiora Graham, Edinb. Phil. Journ. 10: 168. 1830. B. cordata G. Don, Gard. Diet. 4: 478. 1838. Diffuse (at least in cultivation) branching annual, the soft stems and leaves usually glabrous or the upper as the calyces early viscid- or glandular- villosulous or -puberulent; leaves ovate, acute or acumi- nate, more or less attenuate or perhaps sometimes subcordate at base, the nerves prominent beneath; flowers solitary on straight peduncles in the axils of the reduced subsessile upper leaves, thus also laxly foliose-racemose at the ends of branches; calyx 5-lobed, nervose, about 1 cm. long, the segments sometimes spreading, typically ob- tuse or retuse, usually shorter than tube; corolla tube at least 2 cm. long, slightly ampliate, in type glandular puberulent, greenish-yellow, dark striate, limb white or pale lilac with yellow throat, bilabiate, 3 cm. across or larger; upper filaments dilated, rather recurved, pu- berulent, exceeding the glabrous apically curved style, the green peltate stigma obscurely lobed. The black seeds of specimens de- termined as this species are striately ridged-tuberculate. Illustrated, Bot. Mag. 58: pi 3069; Bot. Reg. 16: pi 1384. (B. cordata?). Piura: Canchaque, Ferreyra 3153 (det. Cowan with query). Lima: Yazo near Canta, (Cruckshanks, type, from seeds); Weber- bauer 5295. Puruchuco, (Mathews 511). Chosica to Matucana, Goodspeed 113321 (det. Johnston); 209; 2896. Rio Santa Eulalia, Goodspeed & Stork 11485; Horton 10999. Rio Rimac, Goodspeed & Metcalf 30235 (det. Morton). Rio Chillon, Pennell 1U87 (toward B. peduncularis) . Surco, Soukup 3733; Weberbauer 5210; Ferreyra 6939. Huanuco: Huamincha, Woytkowski 34204- (det. Cuatrecasas). Junin: Utcuyacu, Woytkowski 35361 (det. Cuatrecasas, B. viscosa). San Ramon, Constance & Tovar 2277. Satipo, Soukup 2860. Browallia peduncularis Benth. Bot. Voy. Sulph. 143. 1844. Similar to B. grandiflora but leaves (typically) scabrous-hirtellous both sides, the upper sessile; flowers few in reduced leaves, axillary or loosely racemose; calyx-teeth oblong typically, about equaling the tube, usually shorter; peduncles mostly elongate, 2.5-8 cm. in fruit. Apparently always viscid-pubescent. The very sessile or clasping leaves are noteworthy in type but character apparently variable; probably a phase of B. abbreviata or B. grandiflora Graham. F.M. Neg. 23042 (Mathews). La Libertad : Usquil, Prov. Atuzco, Ferreyra 7361 (det. Cowan) . Lima: Huamantanga, (Barclay, type). Puruchuco, (Mathews 512, 150 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII det. Bentham). San Buenaventura, Pennell 14514; 14517; 14569. Obrajillo, Wilkes Exped. Canta, Velarde Nunez 920. Trapiche, Prov. Canta, sandy wash, Hutchison 1021. Lomas Patirilca, Goodspeed Exped. 9229. Ambar, Goodspeed Exped. 9229. Quive, Pennell 14311. Browallia speciosa Hook. Bot. Mag. 73: pi. 4339. 1847. Somewhat suffrutescent, erect, branched, glabrous or essentially; petioles stout, 5-10 mm. long; leaves ovate-elliptic, acute at base, acuminate, 5 or 6 cm. long, 2-2.5 cm. wide, nerves prominent be- neath; peduncles solitary, about 2 cm. long in flower; flowers to 4 cm. long, 5 cm. across; calyx lobes subalate or ovate, long-acuminate, 10-12 mm. long, nearly as long or longer than the tube; corolla tube at least 2.5 cm. long, lobes ovate, acute or some broadly acuminate, 1-1.5 cm. long, striate, dark purple above, pale beneath, the throat white; filaments ciliate; style nearly as long as tube, stigma 2-lipped, 4-lobed within the lip (Hooker). Distinguished by author from B. grandiflora Graham by the larger flowers, the segments not re- tuse nor bifid. Huanuco: Pozuzo, Raimondi (det. Werdermann). Colombia. Browallia viscosa HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 2: 373. 1818. Diffuse herb several dm. tall, the attenuate branches terete, the younger as the peduncles and calyces viscid-hirtellous; petioles about 1 cm. long; leaves subrotund-ovate, obtuse, 2.5- nearly 4 cm. long, 2-3 cm. wide, membranous, reticulate- veined, hirtellous both sides; peduncles solitary in the axils, approximate toward apex of branch- lets, in fruit 6 mm. long; flowers violet, 18 mm. long, calyx violet- tinged, lobes lanceolate, erect; tube of glabrous corolla twice as long as calyx, lobes unequal, obovate, emarginate, the larger white- spotted at base; filaments pilose as ovary, the capsule pubescent apically; seeds brown, angled, scabrous. After authors; Bentham noted calyx teeth as subdivergent, oblong, shorter than tube, ped- icels and calyx subequal, upper racemose; this seems to describe the Peruvian specimens and may suggest that they merge with B. grandi- flora Graham; the following specimens are less pubescent than the Ecuadorian (type). Cajamarca: Cutervo, Jelski 162; Raimondi (det. Werdermann). Huambos, Soukup 4507 (det. Cowan). Monte Seco, Soukup 3854- Amazonas: Chachapoyas, (Mathews 3174, fide Bentham). Lima: FLORA OF PERU 151 Canta Valley, (Cruckshanks) . Pillao, Lima & Cheuchin, Ruiz & Pawn (in Herb. Madrid). Between Matucana and Surco, Weber- bauer 5210. Huanuco: Valley of Rio Chinchao, Stork & Horton 9430; 9867 (both det. Standley, B. americana). Mito, 3426. Junin: Hua- capistana, Killip & Smith 21*125. Tarma, Raimondi (det. Werder- mann). Ecuador. 25. STREPTOSOLEN Miers A finely scabrous pubescent or hirsutulous shrub related to Brow- allia and Brunfelsia but with yellow and burnt orange flowers, the corolla tube spiralled, especially toward the greenish base. Streptosolen Jameson! (Benth.) Miers, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist, ser. 2, 5: 209. 1850. Browallia Jamesoni Benth. in DC. Prodr. 10: 197. 1846. Usually leafy, 1-2 meters high; leaves ovate-elliptic, rugose, about (1) 1.5- about 3 cm. long, 9-15 mm. wide; flowers 2 cm. long, in sub- corymbose cymes. Inflorescence strigillose; in the var. hirtella Vatke, hirsutulous (Weberbauer 4152, Cajamarca). Corolla is orange ex- cept for greenish tube, and the fine white trichomes are glandular (collectors). Piura: Abra Porculla Pass, Prov. Huancabamba, 2,100 meters, Hutchison 1384- Valley of the Quiros, Prov. of Ayavaca, Weberbauer 6344; Soukup 4339. Canchaque, Ferreyra 3137. Cajamarca: Cu- tervo, Raimondi (det. Werdermann). Callocate, Jelski (det. Zahlbr.). Chugur, Weberbauer 4152. Socota, Stork & Horton 10117 (det. Stand- ley). Huambos, Soukup 4499 (det. Cowan). Ecuador; Colombia. 26. BRUNFELSIA [Plum.] L Smooth shrubs or small trees with entire leaves and showy ter- minal or clustered flowers. Corolla similar to Browallia except in size. Perfect anthers 4. Fruit fleshy or coriaceous, tardily or not dehiscent. Otto Brunfels was a German physician and botanist of the sixteenth century. Monachino, Phytologia 4: 342-347. 1953, gave a clear and succinctly organized list of the species names, noting probable validities, in connection with his new species B. mire of adjacent Bolivia a helpful account, closing with the pertinent re- mark: For a true understanding of the species of Brunfelsia a critical revision of the whole genus is required. 152 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII Leaves oblanceolate. Corolla tube 2.7-3.5 cm. long; calyx glabrescent, to 14 mm. long. B. mire. Corolla tube about 2.5 cm. long; calyx pubescent, longer. B. hydrangaeformis. Leaves elliptic or oboval-oblong. Pedicels to 2 cm. long; corolla lobes narrow B. maritima. Pedicels typically short; corolla lobes broad. Corolla tube 2-2.5 cm. long B. bonodora. Corolla tube 3-4 cm. long B. grandiflora. Brunfelsia bonodora (Veil.) Macbr. Field Mus. Bot. 8: 112. 1930. Besleria bonodora Veil. Fl. Flum. 261. 1825. Icon. 5. pi. 80. 1827. B. latifolia (Pohl) Benth. in DC. Prodr. 10: 199. 1846. Fran- ciscea latifolia Pohl, PL Bras. Icon. 1: 3, pi. 1. 1827. Branchlets glabrous, sub terete, longitudinally rugose; petioles to 4 mm. long; leaves ovate-lanceolate or oblong, often somewhat obo- vate, mostly acuminate, more or less abruptly contracted at base, apically crowded, subundulate, firm-membranous, glabrous or ob- scurely pubescent on nerves beneath, minutely punctate, often 1- 2 dm. long, at least half as wide, nerves rather prominent, veins obviously reticulate; peduncles usually developed; pedicels 4 mm. long or longer; calyx tubular-campanulate, membranous, drying cori- aceous, reticulate-veined, the slender corolla tube at least twice longer, this curved above and with spreading rounded violet or white lobes; capsule fleshy (Bentham). Mostly after J. A. Schmidt in Mart. Fl. Bras. 8, pt. 1: 258. 1862. As implied by Monachino, the name of Vellozo may not apply to the Peruvian tree, the name, as he remarks, transferred by me, "following the leader" (in this case Bentham) without judgment as to the extent of its application; ap- parently it is the earliest name for a species, perhaps only of Brazil, with a lax inflorescence; perhaps then the following collections are wrongly determined or require a new name, but the species may be more variable than as yet realized; most of the following specimens have pedicels 5 (-10) mm. long, calyces 5-10 mm. long, corollas with tube 2-3 cm. long; mostly referred by Standley (often with query) to B. maritima Benth., questioned also by Morton. San Martin: Moyobamba, Klug 3326; Raimondi (det. Werder- mann); Mathews (det. Bentham, B. latifolia). Tarapoto, Williams 5482; Ferreyra 7778. Near Bellavista, Ferreyra 4760; 4812LoTeto : FLORA OF PERU 153 Yurimaguas, Killip & Smith 28056; 28178. Masisea, Hobroyd 19. Rio Mazan, Jose Schunke 8. Rancho Indiana, Mexia 6444- Balsa- puerto, Klug 2880. Bolivia; Brazil. "Chiric-sanango," "z(s)anango." Brunfelsia grandiflora D. Don, Edinb. Phil. Journ. 86. 1829. Small glabrous tree, the leaves apically crowded or scattered on the flowering branchlets; petioles stout, 5-10 mm. long; leaves sub- coriaceous, oblong-elliptic, slightly narrowed to acute base, shortly and subacutely cuspidate, 1.5-2 dm. long, 5-8 cm. wide, the 5-7 slender lateral nerves and laxly reticulate veins somewhat conspicu- ous only beneath; bracts caducous; pedicels 1 cm. long; calyx 1.5- 2 cm. long, the ovate teeth obtuse or mucronulate; corolla tube 3.5-4 cm. long, the limb 3-5 cm. across, the lobes subrotund. Bailey & Raffill, Standard Cycl. Hort. 581. 1914, referred this to B. calycina Benth., var. macrantha (Lem.) B. & R., but from a study of cultivated plants. The genus needs revision. The type locality is near Dept. Huanuco. Cuzco and Puno specimens have smaller flowers but calyces about 1.5-2 cm. long. San Martin: Uchiza, (Ruiz & Pavdn, type). Huanuco: Divisoria, Woytkowski 34536 (det. Cuatrecasas) ; Ferreyra 985. Cuzco: Echa- rate, Goodspeed Exped. 10461. Puno: Near Puno, Soukup 446 > Brunfelsia hydrangaeformis (Pohl) Benth. in DC. Prodr. 10: 195. 1846. Franciscea hydrangaeformis Pohl, PI. Bras. Icon. 1: 717. 1827. Similar to B. mire but with somewhat glandular hirsute calyx, 2.5 cm. long or longer, longer corolla, also slightly glandular and, especially, prominently nerved and finely reticulate-veined. The Peruvian collection, not seen since Monachino's study, may rather be referable to his species. Illustrated, Bot. Mag. pis. 72, 4209. Loreto: Tierra Blanca, middle Maranon, Tessmann 4921 (det. Werdermann). Bolivia? Brazil. "Chirisanangu" (Tessmann). Brunfelsia maritima Benth. in DC. Prodr. 10: 200. 1846. Type glabrous; leaves subsessile, rounded (rarely narrowed) at base, scarcely acuminate, less than 5 cm. long; cymes few-flowered; calyx lax, turbinate-campanulate, shorter than 2.5 cm., slender co- rolla tube half again as long. Type from Taipu (Rio Janeiro) by Lund. J. A. Schmidt, in Mart. Fl. Bras. 8, pt. 1: 258. 1862, referred here Spruce 1495 and other collections from the upper Amazon, some 154 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII with much longer pedicels and with pubescent leaf -nerves; species is included only because several Peruvian specimens have been referred here, as Mexia 6444-, Schunke 8, from Loreto, with query by Standley. Cuzco: Echarate, Goodspeed Exped. 10461? (cf. B. bonodora). Brazil. Brunfelsia mire Monachino, Phytologia 4: 342. 1953. Glabrous (unless the bracts and flowers), the tube of the violet hypocrateriform corolla about twice the length of the campanulate calyx, this at most 14 mm. long; petioles 3-8 mm. long; leaves oblan- ceolate, narrowed to base, acuminate, 18-26 cm. long, 5-8.5 cm. wide, subcoriaceous, pale beneath with 12 or 13 pairs of lateral nerves, the vein reticulation prominent, areolae broad; flowers many, crowded, bracts sparsely and minutely pubescent, pedicels glabrous, to 8 mm. long; calyx reticulate venulose, lobes about 3 mm. long, corolla tube to 3.5 cm. long, slightly curved above, glabrous or subglabrous, limb 3.2-5 cm. across. Has been confused with B. hydrangaeformis (Pohl) Benth. which it resembles superficially in leaves; it differs in the vena- tion, the smaller glabrescent calyx, the longer extended corolla; the affinity is rather with B. maritima Benth. and relatives (author); possibly the specimen referred by Werdermann to B. hydrangaeformis (Pohl) Benth. is rather referable here. Plant used in Bolivia as a paralysant of the voluntary muscles and against cutaneous parasites; see Rusby, Journ. Am. Pharm. Assoc. 13: 101-102. 1924; Youngken, I.e. 14: 195-200. 1925 (Mona- chino) . Peru (possibly). Bolivia. "Mire." 27. SOLANUM L. Lycianthes (Dunal) Hassl. Ann. Cons. Jard. Bot. Geneve 20: 180. 1917, also Bitter, Abh. Nat. Verein Bremen 24: 292-520. 1919, fide Morton, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 29: 54. 1944. Lycopersicum Miller, Gard. Diet. Abr. ed. 4: 3. 1754, fide Wettstein, Pflanzenfam. VI, Abt. 3b: 24. 1891. Reference: Dunal, in DC. Prodr. 13, pt. 1: 27-387. 1852. Plants highly varying in duration, habit and vegetative char- acters, but ordinarily calyx entire to 5-10-apiculate, dentate or bilobate, corolla rotate to campanulate, stamens equal or unequal, more or less connate or connivent, anthers dehiscing by pore, chink or slit, berry most often globose. FLORA OF PERU 155 For practical purposes of identification the basic purpose of this work as stated in the preface the group divisions, except Tuberarium (to be contributed later) and Lycianthes (after Morton) have not been defined here as proposed or adapted by Dunal because they are vague in greater or less degree, due no doubt to lack of information and/or understanding. Morton, U. S. Nat. Herb. 29: 41. 1944, in reference to Dunal wrote: The same species is some- times described under different names in different sections. Bitter in his incomplete studies made some progress in more natural de- marcation of certain groups but he rarely clarified the classification of many related Peruvian species; it is of interest that he himself, even as I, in preparing an account of the species of one country presented a partly expedient key. Morton, I.e. 54-55, remarked that the two subgenera are the natural cleavage, yet also in these principal divisions (here three with inclusion of Lycopersicum) there are a few exceptions of complete concomitance of characters con- sidered to be diagnostic. Wettstein, I.e., designated five sections, including the three subgenera; these are not always in usable con- trast to each other but the following subdivisions approximate them. Apart from anther dehiscence he regarded equal or unequal filaments as indicating relationship, also presence of prickles; neither in them- selves are of value, occurring, as simple or divided leaves, in other- wise probably similarly derived species. Probably no single char- acteristic is anywhere reliable, always constant, in this large genus; certainly, for example, position and nature of inflorescence is obscure or secondary in merit. Pubescence absent to richly presented in great variety, often more than two or more sorts intermixed, has of course been the basis or an associated character for species defini- tion; apropos is the paper by Reed C. Rollins, Rhodora 60: 145-152. 1958, illustrating the taxonomic insignificance of presence or absence of trichomes at least often; he observes that characteristics under control of the simplest gene systems are expected to be least reliable as a basis for classification; obviously proposal of new species in this group would have contributed nothing to their ultimate correct classification; reluctantly here and of course in all of this work I have had to retain species proposed by my contemporaries in circles into which angels would surely fear to tread. But perhaps the following groups as devised here, while only general in their connotation, will facilitate determination of the Peruvian species proposed to date (1958), which, so graphically observed by Morton, was impossible from the (nevertheless meticulous and detailed) pioneer work of Dunal. 156 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII In the berries of some species there occur "stone granules" possibly roughly similar in origin to the stone cells in fruits of Pyrus (Morton). Bitter thought that their presence or absence, number, position and size were constant in a given species; Morton doubted the taxonomic significance of this character, in any case, still to be proved, but Stebbins and Paddock, Modrono 10: 70-81. 1949, in an incompleted study of the Solanum nigrum complex used it as a supplementary aid to specific identification; their work is the most important contribution that has come to my attention; they note the need of extensive field work and the difficulty of prac- tical application (as regards the granules) in the study of herbarium materials, an opinion entirely in accord with mine. Bitter's prin- cipal accounts of stone cells in various genera and species are in Abh. Nat. Verein Bremen 23: 114-163. 1914, and Bot. Jahrb. 45: 483-507. 1911. Only genetic investigations similar to that of Stebbins will substantiate or disprove the validity of many of the characters now used for group and species demarcation; so, ex- pediency has compelled me to key out with doubt many plants cited as species. An informative illustrated account of the ornamental species grown in Argentina has been prepared by Raul Martinez Crovetto, Technical Publication 26 from the Revista de Invest. Agric. 2: 179-196. 1948; it includes eleven species, among them S. auriculatum Aiton, S. melongena L., S. Rantonnetii Carr., S. dulcamara L., S. Seaforthianum Andrews, S. capsicastrum Link, and S. pseudocap- sicum L., all of which are probably to be found in Peruvian gardens. In Gardener's Chronicle for 1940 E. K. Balls has an interesting paper, "Potatoes and Other Plants in the Andes." Species probably not Peruvian or not noted in the following text included, cymosum Herrera, Contr. Fl. Dept. Cuzco 2: 168. 1921, described as an annual, leaves deeply pinnatifid, flowers blue, used as a sudorific and laxative under the name "Kusmaillu." S. havanense Jacq. Enum. Carib. 15: 159. 1760, of Cuba, recorded by Ruiz and Pavon, Fl. Peruv. 2: 39. 1799, from Acobamba and Picoy near Tarma must be an error in determination. S. macrophyllum Dunal, Hist. 199. 1813, is S. lancifolium Miller of Mexico, fide Schulz in Urban, Symb. Ant. 6: 243-244. 1909. S. micranthum Willd. ex Roem. & Schult. Syst. 4: 663. 1819, as to Peru is some other species according to Schulz, I.e. 166, but to it Sendtner in Mart. Fl. Bras. 10: 19. 1846, referred a collection by Poeppig from Manaos, this some species of section Leiodendron. FLORA OF PERU 157 1. Subgenus LYCOPERSICUM Anthers fusiform, connate, the oblong cells sterile-appendaged to base; leaves pinnate or bipinnate. 2. Subgenus PACHYSTEMONUM Anthers stoutly cylindric or ovoid-ellipsoid, not or little elongate nor attenuate, at least only obscurely; pores terminal, often oblique and subequaling the cell-diameter, usually during an- thesis becoming lateral chinks, rarely extending to base. Species all unarmed except one species of Lycianthes, with branchlets sometimes apically indurate. KEY TO SECTIONS OR EXPEDIENT GROUPS (SERIES) OF SUBGENUS Pachystemonum Section Tuberarium 1 Leaves mostly unevenly pinnatifid, pedicels clearly articulate at or above base, subterranean stems often tuberous. An excep- tion in Peru is S. muricatum Aiton, the leaves entire; several species apparently are not tuberiferous; S. montanum L. with merely repand leaves has a tuber-like root but is allied to species listed in the next group. Section Morella (Dulcamara, part) Leaves entire or somewhat lobed but never alately decurrent to stem (often more or less decurrent on petioles) and lobes never alately joined as in some species of next group with more or less divided leaves; flowers minute to about 1 cm. long, few to many in pedunculate lateral inflorescences; anthers early apically bipored; annuals or perennials, rarely partly ligneous, often diffuse (Dulcamara, mostly Morella, key, p. 164). Series 3 (Artificial group of various species, mostly compound leaves) Leaves usually at least in part compound (ternate, pinnate, multi- pinnate) sometimes only more or less divided, the divisions 1 Text for this section is being contributed. When available, it will be published separately in continuation of the present number. (Ed.) 158 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII alately joined, or if merely repand-lobed always alately decurrent on stems (S. phyllanthum) or root tuberiform (S. montanum) ; calyx sometimes truncate, teeth minute; anther pores small or medium, terminal or shortly lateral; plants various, sometimes elongate, diffuse or subscandent. See Leiodendron for related species with entire leaves and Cyphomandra in fruit. In part Polybotryon (Bassovia), Regmandra, Dulcamara (key, p. 177). Series 4 (Mostly Leiodendron, sens, lat.) Shrubs or small trees, virgate half-shrubs, rarely diffuse, or sub- scandent, then simple or nearly, a few vines, never prickly, leaves entire; inflorescence various, calyx usually well-lobed or dentate, not truncate (Peru) ; anther pores ordinarily large, ob- liquely introrse. Entire-leaved Dukamara, Polybotryon, trailing or 4-merous Annarichomenum, Anthoresis, Anthopleuris, Leioden- dron (key, p. 191). Section Lycianthes Calyx truncate but usually with 5 or 10 more or less developed teeth, these sometimes minute or obsolete; erect or scandent shrubs, rarely repent herbs; leaves entire, often geminate; flowers axil- lary or subaxillary, 1-several, infrequently on a short peduncle; anther pores various (Lycianthes, key, p. 225). 3. Subgenus LEPTOSTEMONUM Anthers cylindric, usually long- or clearly attenuate, the pores minute or small, terminal or sometimes widening or rarely elongating; plants mostly aculeate (key, p. 242). 1. Subgenus LYCOPERSICUM Annual or perennial herbs with pinnate or bipinnate leaves, yellow flowers in simple extra-axillary racemes or furcate cymes, pedicels articulated near or above the middle, but, all species con- sidered, marked only by the development of an apical sterile tip to the anther cells, these dehiscent their entire length as some- times in otherwise similar species (L. lycopersicoides, S. Pennellii, section Tuberarium); the former has been hybridized with S. Lyco- persicum L. cf. Rich. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 37: 741-744. 1951; Correll, Modrofio, 14: 232-236. 1958. FLORA OF PERU 159 KEY TO SUBGENUS Lycopersicum Reference: Cornelius Muller, U. S. Dept. Agric. Misc. Publ. 382: 1-28. 1940. Leaflets all or mostly crenate, lobulate, or incised, pubescent or puberulent. Plants canescently puberulent; corolla at least 1 cm. long, orange- yellow; berry (as seeds or these only at tip) pubescent. S. peruvianum. Plants greenish, more or less divaricately hirsute; corolla yellow; berry or seeds or both pubescent. Stems slender, sprawling or lax; corolla lobed. Leaves bicolor; berry glabrous; seeds usually lanate. S. lycopersicum. Leaves concolor; berry pubescent; seeds subglabrous. S. Corneliomulleri. Stems stout, erect or trailing; corolla subentire or acuminate- lobulate S. agrimoniaefolium. Leaflets all entire or subentire, glabrate or puberulent; corolla small, usually yellow, lobed; berry usually glabrous as seeds. S. pimpinellifolium. Solarium agrimoniaefolium R. & P. ex Dun. in DC. Prodr. 13, pt. 1: 24. 1852. Lycopersicum hirsutum Humb. & Bonpl. in Dun. Sol. Syn. 4. 1816; 21, not S. hirsutum Dunal, I.e. L. agrimoniae- folium R. & P. ex Dun. I.e. 24. Well-marked typically by the abundant hirsute pilose indument, most trichomes 2.5-3.5 mm. long, shorter, glandular and a few appressed stellate ones intermixed; pseudo-stipules present; larger leaflets petiolulate, medium and smaller sessile, all subentire and usually repand-dentate; cymes dichotomous, all parts bracted unless the 10-12 pedicels, these early filiform, 1.5-2.5 cm. long, often abruptly deflexed below the flower after anthesis; calyx lobes 8-9 mm. long, acuminate or finally obtuse and 1.5 cm. long, the lobes 3-4 mm. wide; corolla yellow, rotate, about 3 cm. across, the broad acuminate tipped lobes 5-6 mm. long, 6-8 mm. broad; anther sacs 7 mm. long, the appendages 4 mm. long, rather firmly joined, staminal column 3-4 mm. thick; style more or less exserted; fruit 1.5-2.5 cm. in diameter, coarsely long-hirsute, greenish-white, purplish-striped; seeds dark brown, glabrous except minutely at 160 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII apex. L. hirsutum forma glabratum Muller, 22, from Ecuador, besides being less pubescent, has very slender calyx lobes, corolla 2 cm. across, lobes 3-4 mm. broad. Illustrated, Muller, I.e., pis. 3 and 9. F.M. Neg. 2595. Cajamarca: Inca baths, (Blood & Tremelling 136}. Hualgayoc, Soukup 388. Cascas & Nancho, Raimondi (det. Werdermann). Ancash: Chacchan, 2553. Lima: Matucana, Weberbauer 79. Huara, Goodspeed 11342. Ambar, Stork 111+63 (det. Johnston). Canta, Soukup 2826. Surco, Soukup 3707. Junin: Incahuasi, Soukup 3196. Ecuador. Solanum Corneliomulleri Macbr., nom. nov. Lycopersicum glandulosum Muller, U. S. Dept. Agric. Misc. Publ. 382: 23. 1940, not S. glandulosum R. & P. Character in general that of S. peruvianum but not at all canes- cent; stems densely pubescent, the trichomes of three types, the first short, 1-celled, mostly simple, the second capitately resinous- glandular, the third elongate attenuate, rarely capitately stellate; pseudo-stipules at base of leaves similar to the leaflets, these (larger) 5 or 6 pairs erosely dentate or round-lobate, the minor ovate 1^ mm. long, entire or minutely erose, all closely puberulent, the tri- chomes 1- or 2-celled, very sparsely stipitate glandular, the rachis glandular pubescent like the stems; inflorescence rarely simple, 6-12- flowered, pedicels 10-18 mm. long, to 2.5 cm. long in fruit, the commonly distributed bracts 5-12 mm. long; calyx 5-parted nearly to base, narrowly lanceolate lobes 5-6 mm. long, in fruit 12-15 mm. long, slightly glandular; corolla about 2 cm. across, medially parted into broadly triangular reflexed lobes, apically subcaudate; staminal columns 7-10 mm. long, the appendage tube recurved, 2-3 mm. long; ovary puberulent, especially at apex; berry globose, 10-12 mm. in diameter, pale with lavender stripes about the top where early densely pilose, puberulent below. A very stable species ex- hibiting little variability even under different cultural conditions, most closely related to L. hirsutum Humb. & Bonpl. but distinguished by vining stems, smaller and more dissected leaflets. Like the related species it rarely occurs at an altitude as low as about 1,200 meters (author). According to Muller, collected at several local- ities in the Department of Lima by Blood and Tremelling. Illus- trated, Muller, pis. 3 and 10. Lima: Prov. Canta, 7 km. north of Trapiche, gravelly plain, dry wash, flowers yellow, Hutchison 1013. Rio Rimac, at km. 81, FLORA OF PERU 161 Goodspeed & Metcalf 30234.. Yangos to Cantas, near Lima, Blood & Tremelling 14., 15 (type sheets U. S. N. A. Herb.). Above Santa Eulalia, above Chosica, West 8600. Chosica to Matucana, Mexia 4.077. Arequipa: Laspinas, Eyerdam & Beetle 22150 (det. Johnston). Solatium lycopersicum L. Sp. PI. 185. 1753; 10. Lycopersicum esculentum Mill. Gard. Diet. ed. 8. 1768. Becoming a vigorous herb, flowering as an annual but often persisting, the stout more or less succulent or below subligneous stems puberulent to pilose-hirsute, not infrequently viscid-glandular especially above, including the often ample odd-pinnate to bipinnate leaves; stipules none, principal leaflets 2-4 pairs, ovate to lanceolate, petiolate, entire-lobed or pinnate, puberulent, or the rachis glandular- pilose, 3-10 cm. long, about half as wide, the smaller entire, a few mm. to 2 cm. long, sometimes lacking; racemes simple, now and then furcate, 4-5 (-10) -flowered, pedicels 1-1.5 cm. long, articulate at or above the middle; calyx 5-8- or 10-parted nearly to base, the sub- ulate lobes about 1 cm. long, 1 mm. wide; corolla lemon-yellow, medially to three-fourths 5-10-parted, the lanceolate acuminate re- flexed lobes about 1 cm. long or longer, glabrous or more or less pilose above and below especially toward tip; stamens 5, 8 or 10, usually soon parted into groups of 2 or 3 at anthesis, the subsessile anthers 5 mm. long, appendages 2 mm. long; style slightly exserted, ovary glabrous; berry 3-10-celled, commonly depressed globose; seeds flat, oval, 3 mm. long, 2-2.5 mm. wide, densely silvery lanate. Illustrated, Muller, I.e. pis. 1-4 and 8. This is the basic or cultivated form of the species; two recognized forms or varieties have been described as Lycopersicum esculentum Mill. var. pyriforme or f. pyriforme (Dun.) C. H. Mull., the flowers rarely more than 5-merous, berry 2-celled, pyriform; much more distinctive and native to Peru and probably elsewhere in the Andes is the var. esculentum (Mill.) Voss, in Vilmorin, Blumengartn. (ed. 3) 1: 721. 1894, or S. lycopersicum Mill. var. cerasiforme (Dunal) Fosberg, Phytologia 5 : 290. 1955, the raceme more or less elongate, corolla about 1 cm. long, lobes 6 mm. long, staminal column narrow, berry 2-celled, globose, 1.5-2.5 cm. in diameter, the less compressed seeds only marginally pubescent. Muller decided that this plant, known in English as the cherry tomato, is the form from which the cultivated plant originated; it is widely cultivated in undeveloped regions. Fosberg, I.e., wrote: there seems to be no more reason for maintaining a separate genus for the tomato than for many other 162 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII groups commonly retained within the genus Solanum; note also the recent publication of S. Pennellii Correll with the author's remark: this and S. lycopersicoides Dunal are living evidence in support of the union of the two genera. Type locality, the coast of Peru. Widely distributed at least as an adventive. Piura: ftormala, Prov. Paita, Haught 2. San Martin: Tarapoto, Spruce 41 4^- San Roque, Williams 7264 (det. Standley). Huanuco: Tingo Maria, (Blood & Tremelling 62; 68; 70). Junin: La Merced, (Blood & Tremelling 49; 50; 52; 53}. Loreto: Puerto Arturo, Williams 5170 (det. Standley). Apurimac: Prov. Abancay, (Vargas, det. Muller). Cuzco: Echarate, Goodspeed Exped. 10482. Santa Ana, Cook & Gilbert 1603. Solanum peruvianum L. Sp. PL 186. 1753; 16. Lycopersicum peruvianum (L.) Mill. Card. Diet. ed. 8. 1768. Various in habit but usually more or less decumbent, always densely, and more or less canescently, pilose-villous, usually eglan- dular except the inflorescence; stipules present or lacking; leaves oblong-lanceolate or narrowly ovate, simply or odd pinnate, major leaflets 3-5 pairs, typically unequally rounded at base, subentire to erosely dentate, the minor if present ovate, subsessile, 1-5 mm. long; inflorescence commonly a cyme of two 5-12-flowered racemes or these again dichotomous (rarely simply), racemes 5-9 cm. long, pedicels 5-12 mm. long, the peduncles (3-10 cm. long), rachis and pedicels ordinarily bracted (pedicel bracts sometimes reduced or wanting); calyx parted nearly to base, the 5 linear-lanceolate lobes 5-6 mm. long; corolla bright orange-yellow, 10-13 mm. long, parted medially into triangular acuminate lobes so strongly reflexed that the limb is turned inside out (Muller), dorsally pubescent; staminal column 6-9 mm. long clearly bent to one side, the entire anther sacs 4-6 mm. long; style exserted, stigma capitate; ovary sparsely pubescent, especially near apex, fruit 1-2 dm. in diameter, puber- ulent, pale with lavender stripe, seeds oblanceolate, glabrous ex- cept at tip, pale brown, type "Peru." L. peruvianum var. dentatum Dunal (L. chilense Dunal; L. atacamense Phil. Fl. Atac. 42. 1860, both fide Muller) usually has stipules, larger leaflets deeply lobed or pinnatifid or leaflets subentire, petiolate and cordate; var. humi- fusum Muller, 19, distinguished by the author as densely and very shortly pubescent, minor leaflets usually lacking, the larger entire, ovate-lanceolate. Muller notes that var. dentatum varies greatly even to seeds in size and shape; the trichomes are more frequently glandular. Illustrated, Muller, I.e. pis. 3, 6 and 7. FLORA OF PERU 163 Piura: Talara, Haught 93. Truxillo, (Blood & Tremelling, var. dentatum). Ancash: Chacchan, 255 4. Lima: Chosica, West 3600. Matucana, 159. Amancaes, Balls 7073. Chancay, (Blood & Tremell- ing}. San Juan, Magdalena, Piscocucho, (Blood & Tremelling, all var. humifusum, type, 142). Huanuco: Cuchero, Poeppig 1449. Junin: San Rafael, 31 41- Arequipa: Tingo, Pennell 1311*7, var. dentatum. Yura, Carl Schmidt. Mollendo, Johnston 3557. Cuzco: Via de Santa Ana, Cook & Gilbert 1405. Moquehua: Estaquina, Weberbauer 7445; 7W. Chile, and northward to Bolivia and Ecua- dor. Solatium pimpinellifolium Jusl. in L. Cent. PI. 1: 8. 1755; 15. Lycopersicum pimpinellifolium (Jusl.) Mill. Gard. Diet. ed. 8. 1768. Puberulent, the prostrate ascending stems rarely somewhat pilose or glandular, leaves narrowly ovate with usually a pair of small divi- sions alternating with larger ones, the latter 3-paired, unequally cor- date or rounded, subentire, dark green above, paler beneath, the smaller ovate to rotund sometimes wanting; racemes rarely fur- cate, 12-many-flowered, to a dm. long, glandular-puberulent, the two-ranked filiform pedicels very regularly spaced, 3-15 mm. long, articulate about 3 mm. below the flower; calyx lobes 5, lanceolate- acuminate, 2.5-4 mm. long, glandular-pubescent both sides; corolla bright lemon-yellow or slightly orange, 12-16 mm. across, deeply 5-parted, the narrowly lanceolate lobes long-attenuate, strongly re- flected at anthesis, dorsally puberulent anthers subsessile, column 5-7 mm. long, the connate portion slightly shorter than the anther sacs; style slightly exserted, ovary glandular or puberulent, usually becoming glabrous; berry 2-celled, 1-1.5 cm. in diameter, ordinarily glabrous, lustrous red or orange-red, the raceme elongating some- times 2 dm., the accrescent calyx finally 6 or 7 mm. long, seeds thick, obovate, 3 mm. long, 1.5-2 mm. broad, glabrous except at tip. Original locality Peru. Related to S. lycopersicum var. cerasiforme but it is readily distinguished by its more slender habit, more elongate racemes and smaller fruit (Muller, who illustrated it, pis. 3 and 5). Piura: La Brea, Horton 11582. Truxillo, (Blood & Tremelling'). Lima: Pachacama, Mexia 8328 (det. Morton). St. Eulalia, Good- speed 33147. East of Lima, Blood & Tremelling 76. Chacallo, Balls 858. Quillabamba, (Blood & Tremelling}. Santa Ana, Cook & Gil- bert 1405; 1702. 164 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII Section MORELLA Leaves entire or somewhat lobed but never alately decurrent to stem (often more or less on petioles), and lobes never alately joined as in species with somewhat divided leaves; flowers few to many in peduncled inflorescences, minute to about 1 cm. long; anthers early bipored apically. Annuals or perennials frequently finally ligneous below, rarely toward apex, usually only firm above where ordinarily hollow-stemmed and the leaves often much shorter than 1 dm. The following species center around the ubiquitous S. nigrum L. and prob- ably there are only a few of them that are not dubious. The key attempts by the use of characters scarcely significant to lead to some of the many names proposed. Corolla, unless in S. nigrum, scarcely 3.5 mm. long, usually shorter. Plants soon glabrate or glabrous; berries (ripe) black, free. Flowers few, subumbellate or subracemose, the peduncles usu- ally simple; anthers soon 2-chinked, about 2.5 mm. long or shorter. Calyx lobes distinct, early somewhat reflexing; flowers sub- umbellate S. inconspicuum, S. nodiflorum. Calyx lobes not equally distinct, suberect to appressed; flowers subracemose S. nigrum. Flowers small, many, in forked racemes; leaves firm, oblong- elliptic; anthers 2-pored S. corymbosum. Plants villous-hirsute; berries not black, partly enclosed. S. sarachoides. Corolla in full anthesis at least 4 mm. long, the peduncles normally at least bifid; anthers often about 3 mm. long or longer (see also glabrate S. nigrum, S. nodiflorum) ; peduncles simple and villous (S. sarachoides). Leaves often less than twice as long as wide, broadly ovate to sub- rhombic, more or less strongly or unevenly repand-dentate to sublobulate, frequently somewhat caudate, tip entire; tri- chomes in part glandular. Calyx lobes ovate, 2-3 mm. long S. excisirhombeum. Calyx lobes sublinear, 4-5 and 5-7 mm. long. S. sinuatiexcisum. Leaves about as above; trichomes eglandular or sub viscid; pedun- cles usually furcate S. fragile. FLORA OF PERU 165 Leaves often subentire or remotely few repand-dentate (cf . S. frag- ile) never, in Peru, very irregularly dentate, only sometimes not much longer than wide; peduncles (normally) at least 1-furcate, unless S. sinuatiexcisum. Indument (younger parts) somewhat viscid-glandular villous, rarely only viscid-puberulent. Corollas rotate-stellate; peduncles (types) furcate. Peduncles much-forked (type) S. probolospermum. Peduncles 1-2-furcate S. juninense. Corollas campanulate-rotate; peduncles (type) simple. S. sinuatiexcisum. Indument eglandular, rarely obscurely viscid in inflorescence. Trichomes simple or early 1-few-furcate, rarely lacking or nearly. Leaves usually much shorter than 1 dm. (expedient char- acter, species). Leaves rather oblong-lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate; flow- ers (type) finally about 1 cm. long. S. Pentlandi, S. arequipense. Leaves ovate or broadly ovate-elliptic, often subrotund at base, mostly 5-9 cm. long, about half as wide; flowers often smaller. .S. Zahlbruckneri, S. furcatum. Leaves mostly 1-1.5 dm. long, a third to more than half as wide S. insolaesolis. Trichomes at least early mostly or many often pseudo-stellate. S. sandianum, S. pallidum. Solarium arequipense Bitter, Repert. Sp. Nov. 11: 204. 1912. S. atricoeruleum Bitter, I.e. 10: 563. 1912, at least as to Peru. A meter or more high, often clambering, with long divaricate strict or tortuous branches; leaves lanceolate-rhomboid, mostly 5-8 cm. long by about 3 cm. wide, attenuate into a petiole 1-2 cm. or so long, acute, with 2-3 small teeth below the middle, sparsely pubescent; peduncles lateral, 10-12-flowered, 1.5-3 cm. long, forked once; ped- icels 6 mm. long; corolla white (or purple), full grown about 1 cm. long and broad, the lobes about 4 mm. long; filaments 1.5 mm. long, anthers nearly twice as long, pubescent as also the elongate style; anthers ellipsoid, nearly 3 mm. long, with oblique subapical introrse pores; berry 7 or 8 mm. thick, stone cells 2. Type has a rotate- 166 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII stellate corolla about 1 cm. long; a more nearly entire narrower- leaved variant of S. furcatum Dunal (to which some Junin specimens have been referred by Lyman Smith and by Killip) or S. coerulescens Bitter; it probably has an earlier name in S. dianthum Rusby, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Card. 4: 420. 1907; the Rusby plant as to type had only 2-flowered cymes, slender weak pedicels but was probably a reduced state from a shady place as the habitat was "wet mould." The prob- able variant S. atricoeruleum Bitter, I.e. 10: 563. 1912 (Bolivia), was found (by author) to have 5 granules; fruit with 2 subapical stone cells (Bitter). F.M. Neg. 2597. Section Morella. Cajamarca: Huaraz, Sandeman 4655 (distr. as S. nigrum). La Libertad: Near Cerro Uruchalda, West 8170. Lima: El Ingenio, Soukup 3661. Rio Blanco, 665; 2966. Huanuco: Southeast of Huanuco, 2079. Pasco: Quillasu, Soukup 3321. Junin: Huancayo, Soukup 2703; 3233. Carpapata, Killip & Smith 24430; Ochoa 292. Huacapistana, Killip & Smith 24-181 (det. Morton, S. sandianum). Apurimac: Chincheros, West 3704 (flowers purple). Cuzco: San Sebastian, Pennell 3631. San Miguel, Urubamba Valley, Hen era 1539. Pillahuata, Pennell 13949. Huasco, Herrera 1022. Achirani, 2,600 meters, Vargas 11135 (det. Asplund, S. dianthum, flowers pur- ple). San Sebastian, PenneU 13631. Paso de Tres Cruces, 3,800 meters, Pennell 13824. Cerro Machupicchu, Herrera 3236; Mexia 8079 (distr. as S. nigrum). Arequipa: River-cliffs near Arequipa, Seler 204, type. Outskirts of Arequipa, Sandeman 3781 (distr. as S. nigrum). Puno: Araranca, Pennell 13464- Near Puno, Mexia 04251; Metcalf 30690; Soukup 94; 95; 975. Bolivia? "Ccaya-ccaya" (Mexia) ; "ccjaya-ccajaya" (Herrera) ; "mancato jiechi." Solanum corymbosum Jacq. Coll. 1 : 78. 1790. Ic. Rar. pi. 40. 1786; 73. S. corymbiferum Gmel. Syst. Nat. 2: 384. 1791. S. parvi- florum Usteri, Ann. Bot. 6: 61. 1793. S. cymosum R. & P. Fl. Peruv. 2: 31, pi. 160. 1799. S. leptanthum Moc. & Sesse", var. parvifolium HBK. Nov. Gen. 3: 24. 1818. Stem woolly below, flexuose, angled, smooth, sprawling to erect, often subligneous below, 3-10 dm. high; leaves ovate-lanceolate, long- decurrent into the petiole, scarcely acute, entire, repand, or rarely 1-2-lobed, glabrous, 4-7 cm. long; racemes subsessile, cymose, half shorter than the leaves, slightly pubescent; pedicels about 3 mm. long; calyx lobes ovate, subacute; corolla scarcely 2 mm. broad, blue or bluish; berry about 6 mm. in diameter, orange-red. Often in cul- tivated ground. Section Dulcamara. FLORA OF PERU 167 Cajamarca: Magdalena, (Bonpland, type, S. leptanthum, var.). Amazonas: Chachapoyas, Mathews (det. Morton). Lima: Provinces of Lima and Chancay, Ruiz & Pawn (type, S. cymosum) ; Dombey. Matucana, 189; 315. Valle de Chillon, Velarde Nunez 874 (det. Mor- ton). Huanuco: At Huanuco, Kanehira 207; Ledig 11 (det. Morton). Solatium excisirhombeum Bitter, Repert. Sp. Nov. 11: 1. 1912. S. atriplicifolium Gillies ex Nees, Nov. Act. Caes. Carol. 19, Suppl. 1: 366. 1843, as to Peru. Viscid-pubescent, especially on the stems and leaf -veins beneath, with spreading many-celled, mostly gland-tipped trichomes; petioles alate, about 1.5 cm. long; leaves nearly rhombic, about 6 or 7 cm. long, 5-6 cm. wide, deeply dentate or sublobulate, the 3-4 lobes sometimes 1 cm. long; inflorescence simple (type), 4-6 (8) -flowered, the peduncle about 1.5 cm. long, the pedicels straight or nearly, finally nodding, about 6 mm. long (-10 mm. in fruit) ; calyx 4 mm. wide in flower, 9 mm. in fruit, the lobes early 2, finally 3 mm. long; corolla lilac, 7-9 mm. long and broad; filaments 1.5 mm. long, an- thers 2.3-3 mm. long; style 5 mm. long, stigma capitate. Perhaps S. coerulescens Bitter is an eglandular state and, like this, a straggling herb, sometimes ligneous at base, flower white or usually white and pink-purple. S. atriplicifolium Gillies may be the correct name but according to Bitter, Repert. Sp. Nov. 11: 213. 1913, that Chilean plant has subregularly 8-10-lobulate leaves, inflorescence mostly furcate, calyx in fruit with lobes 7 mm. long, corolla white, 14 mm. across, anthers 4.5-5 mm. long, shorter gland-tipped trichomes on stems and leaves, early dense on calyx without; the important distinction seems to be in the smaller anthers of the Peruvian plant. F.M. Neg. 2604. Section Morella. Used as a remedy for toothache (Weberbauer). Ancash: Near Tallenga, Weberbauer 2868, type. Lima: Rio Blanco, Kittip & Smith 21540; 21630 (both det. Morton). Canta, Soukup 2829 (det. Morton; cf. note under S. coerulescens'). Junin: Tarma, Killip & Smith 21871. Cuzco: Ollantaitambo, Cook & Gil- bert 370 (det. Morton). Near Cuzco Experimental Estac., Vargas 673. Arequipa: Nevado de Chachani, Pennell 13260. "Japichina," "muyuceaya" (Cook & Gilbert). Solatium fragile Wedd. Chloris And. 2: 105. 1857. S. atriplici- folium Gillies, var. minus Dunal in DC. Prodr. 13 : 55. 1852. S. coeru- lescens Bitter, Repert. Sp. Nov. 10: 554. 1912, at least as to Peru. 168 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII Stems diffuse, slender, herbaceous or ligneous at base, pubescent; petioles 1-2.5 cm. long, alate about medially; leaves membranous, rhomboid-elliptic, decurrent into petiole, obtuse, 2-5 (8) cm. long, coarsely 1-3- mostly irregularly or sometimes sinuate -dentate, pu- berulent and ciliate; peduncles 1.5-2.5 cm. long, mostly terminal, umbellately few- to many-flowered; pedicels 5-10 mm. long; calyx subvillous, lobes ovate-oblong, subobtuse, in fruit 1-1.5 mm. long; flowers pale to violet, striate, 12-15 mm. wide, lobes triangular-ovate, obtuse, subvillous, 4 mm. long; anthers yellow (pores lateral), shorter than the somewhat pubescent style. Has been referred to S. atripli- cifolium of Chile, a shortly glandular plant with long (4-5 mm.) an- thers and calyx enlarged in fruit, characters probably not shared by Weddell's plant, but it is not obviously distinct from S. Pentlandi Dunal, or S. coerulescens Bitter. Plants 1-3 dm. across, with many ascending stems, a few often divaricate branches; leaves remarkable by the large teeth, these subobtuse, recalling Chenopodium hybridum L.; pubescence a little viscid on leaves or rest of plant (Weddell). Perhaps should include S. excisirhombeum Bitter as a glandular vari- ant; it is much like it but typically eglandular; pedicels often arcu- ate-tortuous; of course, may be a part of S. furcatum Dunal, range of variation not determined. F.M. Neg. 2598 (S. atriplicifolium var. minus). Section Morella. Ayacucho: Prov. Lucanas, Metcalf 30239 (det. Killip, S. coerules- cens). Cuzco: Trailing in brush below Machupicchu, West 8028. Near Sicuani, Cook & Gilbert 128. Ollantaitambo, Cook & Gilbert 297 (det. Morton, S. coerulescens}; Hen era, 3^27. Arequipa: Ditch bank, Arequipa, Pennell 130^8. Rock slides near Chala, Worth & Morrison 15704 (leaves repand). Laspinas, Eyerdam & Beetle 22152 (leaves subentire). Above Atiquipa, Worth & Morrison 15668. Puno: Lake Titicaca, Meyen (type, var. minus). Tacna: Candarave, Metcalf 30373. Mountains of Tacora, 4,000 meters, Weddell, type. Solatium furcatum Dunal ex Poir. Encycl. Suppl. 13: 750. 1814; 51. S. chenopodioides Lam. Illustr. 2: 18. 1793 in part, fide Stebbins & Paddock. S. violeceistriatum Bitter, Repert. Sp. Nov. 10: 550. 1912, at least as to Peru. Glabrous or nearly, the herbaceous upper stems subdichotomous, angulate; leaves ovate, dentate, glabrous; racemes furcate (Dunal). As to Peru: becoming a tall or sprawling (sometimes 2 meters) half- shrub, the flowering branches or stems, usually once-forked inflores- cences and leaves beneath more or less densely puberulent with sim- ple or slightly furcate mostly appressed trichomes, often absent, or FLORA OF PERU 169 mostly, in age; leaves usually ovate, acute but often rather rounded at base, abruptly and shortly or scarcely decurrent, varying from a few cm. to rarely a dm. or so long, about half as wide, entire, undu- late-repand or weakly repand-dentate; peduncles lateral, ordinarily 2-several cm. long and forked, frequently fewer than 10-flowered; pedicels crowded or subumbellate, recurved in fruit, usually a cm. long, nearly that in flower; calyx lobes obtuse or subacute, minute or small, in fruit broadly ovate, somewhat accrescent; corolla rotate- stellate, white or purplish, exserted, slightly puberulent below as unequal filaments; anthers 2.5- about 3 mm. long; berry finally 5-7 cm. in diameter, not persisting after maturity, 7-34-seeded and with many large stone cells (Stebbins and Paddock). The Dombey type may be Chilean and according to Dunal is glabrous except the racemes; it probably is the earlier name for S. arequipense. Section Morella. Lima: El Ingenio, Soukup 3653 (det. Killip, S. minutibaccatum) . Canta, Soukup 2832. Matucana, 380 (toward S. coerulescens} . Rio Blanco, Killip & Smith 21752. Huaros, Pennell 14708. Huanuco: Mito, 1630; 1865. Cani, 3385. Piedras Grandes, Woytkowski 153. Near Muna, 3879. Tingo Maria, Allard 21855 (sens, lat.) . Boqueron Pass, Allard 22112 (sens. lat.). Junin: Tarma, Killip & Smith 21791. La Oroya, Kalenborn 26 (det. Morton, S. Pentlandi) . Huancavelica : Salcabamba, Stork & Horton 10264. Chile? "Gapichinia." Solatium inconspicuum Bitter, Repert. Sp. Nov. 11: 204. 1912. Pubescence at first dense, short, subappressed; branches in type many, 3-4 dm. long; leaves nearly ovate, abruptly contracted to a petiole 5-8 mm. long, attenuate at apex, with 1-2 short obtuse lobes below the middle, 1.5-2.5 cm. long, 10-12 mm. wide, peduncles lat- eral, 7-8 mm. (-12 in fruit) long, 2-3-flowered; pedicels 3-4 mm. (-7 in fruit) long; calyx lobes broadly lanceolate, suboblong, 2 mm. long; corolla white, 3.5-5 mm. wide, lobes lanceolate, 1.5-2 mm. long, finally spreading; filaments less than 0.5 mm. long, anthers 1 mm. long; style less than 2 mm. long, pubescent at the middle; berry globose, black, 4-5 mm. thick, seeds 45. Cf. S. nigrum L., from which it is not clearly distinct, the small-leaved tiny-flowered type perhaps an ecological state more or less duplicated in shady or wet places in close competition with other plants. F.M. Neg. 2612. Section Morella. La Libertad: Chicama Valley, Smyth 19 (det. Killip). Trujillo to Salaverry, Worth 8893. Lima: Moron, above the city of Lima, 170 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII Seler 222, type. Junin: Edge of road, San Ramon, Constance & Tovar 2278. Loreto: Lower Rio Huallaga, Williams 4592a. Solatium insolaesolis Bitter, Repert. Sp. Nov. 10: 563. 1912. S. medianiviolaceum Bitter, I.e. 562. 1912. S. violaceistriatum Bitter, I.e. 550. 1912. S. brevipedunculatum Rusby, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 4: 421. 1907? Type a half shrub, the upper stems and leaves both sides some- what pulverulent with multi-celled trichomes; petioles alate, to 1 cm. long; leaves ovate-lanceolate, to 5 cm. long, 1.5- about 2 cm. wide (or larger), entire, attenuate both ends, tip subobtuse, peduncles to 2.5 cm. long, the branches, if present, 3-7 mm. long; pedicels 6 mm. long, nearly twice as long in fruit, violet-tinged as calyces, these cam- panulate, about 4 mm. across, subobtuse lobes 1.5 mm. long; corolla violet, rotate, to 12 mm. across, the lobes 4 mm. long; filaments 1 mm. long, anthers 2.5 mm. long, pores obliquely subapical; style about 5 mm. long, puberulent above base, stigma capitate; berry sub- globose, clearly sulcate medially, 4-5 mm. long, 5-6 mm. broad; seeds about 40, stone cells 8. After Bitter; probably varies as to size of leaves, anthers, number of stone cells and may be part of S. furcatum Dunal; the similar S. violaceistriatum Bitter, as to fruits examined, had only 2 stone cells. The Rusby plant, to which Killip allied Soukup 3618, may be the same; type had, ex char., petioles 3-4 cm. long, leaves 1-3 dm. long, nearly half as wide, rounded at base, acute both ends, calyx truncate, corolla stellate, lobes 1 cm. long, anthers 6 mm. long. It may be a race of S. fragile Wedd., or the collections from central Peru may be rather luxuriant examples of S. furcatum Dunal but the leaves are well-decurrent; several speci- mens, perhaps significantly, are from stream thickets. Section Morella. Lima: Canta, Soukup 2829. San Buenaventura, Pennell 14538. Huanuco: Carpish, Stork & Horton 9898 (det. Standley, S. coerules- cens). Junin: Tarma, Killip & Smith 31912. Chongos Bajo, Soukup 3618 (aff. S. brevipedunculatum Rusby, fide Killip). Cuzco: Pacbar, Pennell 13689. Valle del Apurimac, Herrera (Feb., 1929). Uru- bamba Valley, Herrera 1539. San Miguel, Cook & Gilbert 872. Isla del Sol, Lake Titicaca, Buchtien, type. Bolivia. "Suito-mullucaya" (Cook & Gilbert). Solatium juninense Bitter, Bot. Jahrb. 54, Beibl. 119: 11. 1916. A sprawling shrub or the angled branches scandent; younger branches puberulent villous-glandular toward apex as petioles, these FLORA OF PERU 171 7-10 mm. long, and the ovate leaves especially on the prominent veins beneath, these in type mostly 3.5-4 cm. long, 2-3 cm. wide, on most specimens longer, acute or subacuminate, entire or with 2-4 teeth on each side toward the subtruncate base; inflorescence at first compact, terminal, in type about 15-flowered, glandular-villous, the 1.5-3 cm. long peduncles forked; pedicels about 1 cm. long; calyx 5 mm. long, 6 mm. broad, the lobes lanceolate, acute; corolla blue- violet, rotate-stellate, about 1.5 cm. wide; filaments about 1 mm. long, style in part densely pubescent (to glabrate), 7 mm. long; stigma globose-capitate; berry 8 or 9 mm. in diameter, seeds (imma- ture) with basal appendage at least 1 mm. long. Vicinity of S. sandi- anum (author) ; varies (I think) especially in size of leaves, abundance and length of trichomes, degree of viscidity, size of flowers, these well- developed, showy; cf. the probable extreme in leaf size, S. probolo- spermum Bitter; simulates also S. glandulosipilosum Bitter, Repert. Sp. Nov. 11: 213. 1913, of northern Argentina. F.M. Neg. 2613. Section Dulcamara. Huanuco: Yanahuanca, 1213. Junin: Near Huancayo, Weber- bauer 6598, type; Killip & Smith 23360 (det. Morton). Huariaca, 3089. La Quinua, 3,400 meters, Ochoa 336. Solatium nigrum L. Sp. PI. 186. 1753; 50. Glabrous or somewhat pubescent annual with lax stems and branches sometimes subligneous below; leaves membranous, ovate, 2-several cm. long, entire or more or less repandly serrate; peduncles lateral, usually subracemosely few-flowered, the pedicels 5-10 mm. long; corolla 5.5-7.5 mm. long, white or bluish; anthers 2.1-2.5 mm. long; calyx lobes unevenly joined, little increased in fruit; berry dull black, the many seeds 1.9-2.3 mm. in diameter, stone cells always lacking (Bitter!). After Stebbins & Paddock, Modrono 10: 79. 1949, who confirmed chromosome count as 2N=72. Apparently the Peru- vian plant so named is at least mostly the similar S. nodiflorum Jacq. Charles B. Heiser, Jr., Ceiba 4: 293-299. 1955, defined four entities in Costa Rica as pertaining to "the S. nigrum L. complex." Should not some geneticist study the plants already represented by many names (74 according to Heiser) before trying even tentatively to in- terpret the characters? Besides the following there are several col- lections from the lomas of Arequipa by Giinther and Buchtien, according to Bruns. Section Morella. The young shoots contain gluten which is chewed and known as "ckausillo" and is said to be a nerve soporific (Herrera). 172 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII Loreto: Lower Rio Nanay, Williams 396. Caballo-cocha, Wil- liams 2283. Pongo de Manseriche, Mexia 6298 (det. Morton). Cuzco: Machupicchu, Mexia 8079 (det. Morton). Santa Ana, Cook & Gilbert, 515; (Herrera, 162}. Cosmopolitan. "Yerba-moro" (Ruiz & Pavon), "ccaya-ccaya" (Mexia). Solatium nodiflorum Jacq. Icones PL Rar. 2: 288. 1786; 46. S. chenopodioides Lam. Illustr. 2: 18. 1793, in part, fide Stebbins & Paddock. S. minutibaccatum Bitter, Repert. Sp. Nov. 10: 549. 1912, at least as to Peru. A diffuse glabrous or glabrate perennial often with somewhat angulate stems and repand dentate leaves; flowers subumbellate, small but variable in length as filaments and anthers, the latter 1.5- 2.4 mm. long; calyx lobes all distinct, reflexing after anthesis and below the lustrous black berry, this usually without stone granules (Bitter) or only 1-4; seeds 1.2-1.8 mm. long. After Stebbins & Paddock, Modrono 10: 77. 1949, who noted the chromosome num- ber as 2N=24, the species, as S. nigrum L., highly variable; type from the island of Mauritius. Most of the specimens cited were dis- tributed as S. nigrum L. including one in Madrid without locality by Ruiz and Pavon. F.M. Neg. 33098 (Jelski 9, sp. ined., Bitter). Section Morella. Piura: Parinas Valley, Haught 138. Cajamarca: Tambillo, Jel- ski 49. San Martin : Tarapoto, Williams 6050. San Roque, Williams 7221; 7744. Juan Guerra, Williams 6861. Lima: Rio Chillon, Pen- nell 14460. Santa Clara, Rose 18741. Miraflores, Vargas 1231. Callao, Wilkes Exped. Huanuco: Santa Maria, Allard 22459; 22042 (distr. as S. minutibaccatum). Junin: Chanchamayo, Ochoa 639. La Merced, 5207; Killip & Smith 23424; 24058. Tarma, Killip & Smith 21862. Rio Perene", Killip & Smith 25218. Loreto: Rio Nanay, Williams 338. Pongo de Manseriche, Mexia 6298. Iquitos, Williams 7928. Santa Rosa, Killip & Smith 28827. Yurimaguas, Williams 4153. Ayacucho: Kimpitiriki, Killip & Smith 22970. Apurimac: Prov. Abancay, Goodspeed Exped. 10576. Tropics gen- erally and widely distributed as a weed elsewhere. "Yerba-moro," "ccyaya-ccyaya" ( Herrera), "ayac-mullaca," "aji." Solatium pallidum Rusby, Mem. Torrey Bot. Club 4: 228. 1895. S. planifurcum Bitter, Repert. Sp. Nov. 11: 2. 1912. Type a loose shrub (1 meter), usually a half shrub, rather densely pubescent, with forked pseudo-stellate trichomes; petioles about 1 (-2) FLORA OF PERU 173 cm. long; leaves alternate or paired, scarcely undulate, ovate-oblong, 5-10 cm. long, 3-7 cm. wide, but often much smaller, sometimes larger, at the base abruptly, toward the apex gradually attenuate; peduncles lateral, 1.5-2.5 cm. long or longer, 1-3-forked, few- to many-flowered; pedicels 5-10 mm. long; calyx lobes ovate-lanceolate, 0.6-2 mm. long; corolla pale lilac, the lanceolate lobes 5-7 mm. long; anthers 4.5 mm. long, dehiscence soon lateral, filaments pubescent within as style below; berry 8 mm. in diameter. Varies in leaf size and degree of pubescence, this slightly viscid especially in the inflo- rescence; some forms suggest S. juninense Bitter with different indu- ment; apparently S. planifurcum is only a small-leaved more pubescent state. Bitter found 8 stone cells in S. planifurcum, 18 in S. pallidum. Section Morella. Ayacucho: Pampalca, Killip & Smith 22243. Apurimac: Am- pay, Vargas 777 (det. Standley). Cuzco: Paucartambo, Balls 6782; 6783 (det. Morton, S. planifurcum); Pennell 13795 (det. Standley). Cerro de Cusilluyoc, Pennell 13950; 14147. Near Marcapata, Met- calf 30725 (det. Killip, S. planifurcum). Puno: Sandia, Weberbauer 685 (type, S. planifurcum). Yunguyo, Soukup 589. Near Limbani, Metcalf 30431 (det. Killip). Bolivia. "Achihuay" (Vargas). Solatium Pentlandi Dunal in DC. Prodr. 13, pt. 1: 51. 1852. Stems dichotomous, slightly angulate-winged, pubescent above; leaves cuneate at base, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, somewhat an- gulate-repand, about 5 cm. long, pilose-scabrous above, subhirsute on the nerves beneath; petioles 4-6 mm. long; peduncles and pedicels filiform, like the calyces hirsute-pubescent; racemes furcate, branches subumbellate, about 2.5 cm. long; pedicels 4-6 mm. long, umbellate; calyx lobes ovate, acute; corolla stellate, 2-3 times longer than the calyx, puberulent without, lobes ovate-lanceolate, acute; style elon- gate, in type at least twice as long as anthers, deflexed at apex. A variant by Dunal in his synonymy of S. furcatum. Lima: Chicla, Ball? (also in Herb. Jussieu without data). Bolivia. Solanum probolospermum Bitter, Bot. Jahrb. 54, Beibl. 119: 10. 1916. A somewhat sordid- or yellowish-villous hollow-stemmed (simple trichomes very unequal, multi-celled) half shrub with divaricate scan- dent angled branches; petioles 1.5-3 cm. long, winged above by the decurrent leaf -blades; leaves ovate, acute or acuminate, about 1- 1.5 dm. long and 6.5-8.5 cm. broad, mostly membranous, mostly sub- 174 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII repand, densely pubescent on the prominent veins beneath; corymbs (type) at first terminal, many (60-70) (or few?) -flowered; peduncles about 6 cm. long, much forked; pedicels incrassate apically, about 1 cm. long, in fruit 1.5 cm. long; calyx campanulate, 5 mm. long, 6-7 mm. across, the lobes lanceolate, acute (ovate, acuminate, West), shortly stipitate glandular within, 4 mm. long; corolla violet, 2-2.3 cm. wide, rotate-stellate, the subtriangular lobes about 7 mm. long, pu- bescent with simple trichomes without, shortly so within only on midnerve and toward apex; stamens affixed about 1.5 mm. above base, filaments pubescent, 2 mm. long; anthers 3.7 mm. long, cor- date-ellipsoid; ovary glabrous; style 8 mm. long, pubescent toward base, stigma subglobose; berry about 1 cm. thick; seeds 60-65, retic- ulate, tailed at base with a process 2-2.5 mm. long. Belongs equally to the Morellae and Dulcamarae of Dunal (author) ; may prove to be a luxuriant state (due to montana habitat) of S. juninense; a Pincos specimen, bifid peduncle, few larger flowers but young, may not be- long here at all; West 8031 has lanceolate acuminate calyx lobes. Section Morella. A tea prepared from the leaves is taken for flatulency (Weber- bauer). Huanuco: Valley of the Rio Pozuzo, 3,400 meters, Weberbauer 6789, type. Tambo de Vaca, ^9 Ayacucho: Near Huanta, 3,200 meters, Weberbauer 751 6a; 7517. Cuzco: In dense brush-forest, Rio Urubamba, La Maquina, West 8031. "Shopta." Solatium sandianum Bitter, Bot. Jahrb. 50, Beibl. Ill: 62. 1913. A sparsely pubescent shrub, the type nearly a meter high; tri- chomes branched, mostly on the leaves beneath and these often con- fined to the veins; petioles 8-17 mm. long; leaves ovate or elliptic, 5-6.5 cm. long, 2-2.5 cm. wide, scarcely undulate, the lower apically rounded and obtuse, the upper gradually narrowed and subacute; peduncles at first terminal, 1.5-4.5 cm. long, forked, 6-11-flowered; pedicels articulate a little above the base, about 12 (after anthesis 15) mm. long; calyx 5-6 mm. across, the 5 or 6 lobes lanceolate, about 2 mm. long; corolla violet, rotate, about 2 cm. broad, the broad (7 mm. at base) lobes to 8 mm. long; filaments 2 mm. long, pubescent on the inner side, anthers early 2-pored, elliptic, 4 mm. long; style 7 mm. long, pubescent below, the stigma capitate; pedicels and calyces more or less suffused (in type) with purple; fruit unknown. May be an eglandular state of S. juninense Bitter; the type is soon glabrate FLORA OF PERU 175 but other specimens referred to it suggest S. pallidum or S. plani- furcum except for form of leaves. F.M. Neg. 2636. Section Dul- camara. Cuzco: Limatambo, Vargas 742. Near Cuzco, Hen era, 819 (det. Morton). Saxaihuaman, Hen era 2178; 3092 (det. Morton). Puno: Above Cuyocuyo, Weberbauer 930, type. "Chinchi-chinchi" (Herrera). Solatium sarachoides Sendt. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 10: 18, pi. 1. 1846; 62. Villous angulate-stemmed annual, the unequal many-celled tri- chomes typically glandular at least above or in the shortly (3-6 mm. long) pedunculate 3-8-flowered inflorescence; leaves ovate, subcor- date to abruptly contracted at base, attenuate to obtuse (type) apex, 4-5-repand, subentire, often to 5 or 6 cm. long, nearly as wide or larger; flowers 2-8, subumbellate; pedicels nutant or deflexed, finally 6-10 mm. long, strongly incrassate apically; calyx about 4 mm., in fruit 7 mm. broad, the oblong lobes then 4 mm. long; corolla rotate, 5-7 mm. across, lobes 4-5 mm. long; anthers about 2 mm. long; fila- ments (anther pores large, introrse) and style pubescent, stigma cla- vate; berry greenish, globose, opaque (type), about 6 mm. in diameter, about 45-seeded, 4-6 granules. In part after Bitter, Repert. Sp. Nov. 11: 208. 1913, who limited his detailed description to the type and one other specimen. Similar, and also to be expected (as an introduction from Europe), is S. villosum Mill., 58, with often fewer flowers, pedicels and calyx slightly enlarged in fruit, this ripening yellow or reddish. Marked by viscosity and enlarged calyx; the Peruvian plant, immature, may be the plant of Miller; it was col- lected in weedy growth near river. Apurimac: Casinchihua, Prov. Abancay, Goodspeed Exped. 105^8 (10584.}. Brazil and widely distributed or established. Solarium sinuatiexcisum Bitter, Repert. Sp. Nov. 10: 558. 1912. S. hyoscymoides Bitter, I.e. 11: 236. 1913. Somewhat glandular pilose (trichomes simple, spreading) half- shrub often a meter or more high; petioles often 4-6 cm. long or longer, the upper usually geminate; leaves membranous, more or less repand-lobate, rather abruptly contracted at base, attenuately acuminate, ordinarily 8-15 cm. long, somewhat more than half as broad, in age the indument confined to veins; inflorescence lateral, extra-axillary or subopposite leaves, mostly 5-7-flowered; peduncles 2-4 cm. long; pedicels subumbellate in flower, about 1 cm. long, 176 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII nutant; calyx campanulate, the lanceolate acute lobes unequal, about 4-7 mm. long; corolla rotate-campanulate, lilac or violet, 10-13 mm. long, pilosulous, the lobes scarcely evident; filaments 1.5-2 mm. long, anthers 4-5 mm. long, dehiscent by subapical chinks; stigma capi- tate. Corolla pale violet; in clearing border of the camino (Vargas) ; identity not certain to me as the corollas seen seem to have longer lobes than described. The author himself suggested that his names may represent one entity, the leaves of the later (1913) one more nearly entire. Very possibly this will prove to be S. probolospermum Bitter but fruit unknown; the author separated this from Morella as Section Campulisolanum Bitter, I.e. 11: 234, characterized (if at all effectively) by the campanulate corolla; in view of the variable corolla shapes from rotate-campanulate to deeply stellate, this at most is a specific identification. Cuzco: Vilcabamba, 2,550 meters, Vargas 4016 (det. Killip). Bolivia. Solatium Zahlbruckneri Bitter, Repert. Sp. Nov. 11: 203. 1912. Suffrutescent (type), the subobvious decurrent lines of the younger branches, leaves especially beneath and inflorescences rather densely subcanescent with a crispate indument; internodes 1.5-2.5 (-4) cm. long; petioles about 1 cm. long; leaves ovate-lanceolate, entire or ob- scurely repand angulate, subobtusely acuminate, abruptly or shortly decurrent at base, 4-5 cm. long, 1.5-2.5 cm. wide; peduncles about 1.5 cm. long, in fruit 2-3 cm. long, forked, pedicels finally 7 or 8 mm. long; calyx lobes lanceolate, equal, early 1.5 mm. long, in fruit 2- 2.5 mm. long; corolla 12-16 mm. across, the lanceolate lobes violet without, 4 mm. long, 3.5 mm. wide at base, only the interpetiolar tissue glabrous; filaments 1 mm. long, puberulent as style below with long multi-celled trichomes, the style exceeding the elliptic-lanceolate cordate-based anthers by 5-7 mm.; stigma globose, capitate; berry globose, 5 mm. in diameter, perhaps greenish, seeds about 22, 1 mm. long, 1.4 mm. thick, granules none. After author, who named it for an eminent Austrian botanist; probably genetically a part of S. fur- catum Dunal and segregates, as S. arequipense Bitter, S. atricoeruleum Bitter, I.e. 10: 563. 1912, and others of northern Bolivia; some speci- mens cited under Dunal's name, as my 665, 2966; Soukup 3661, all from Department Lima as well as several from Puno, as West 04,251, Metcalf 30698, may, if this is distinct, belong here. F.M. Neg. 33122. Section Morella. FLORA OF PERU 177 Cajamarca: Cutervo, Jelski 46, type. Huambos, Prov. Chota, Soukup 4553. Ancash: Recuay, 2514- SERIES 3 (Expedient Group) This vegetative key pertains to species from various groups but brought together conveniently because of the common character of somewhat divided leaves, except S. phyllanthum and the tuberiform- rooted S. montanum. This arbitrary separation here simplifies con- siderably the keys in which they would otherwise be distributed or similarly grouped artificially. Leaves usually at least in part compound (ternate, pinnate, multi- pinnate, sometimes only more or less divided), the divisions alately joined or if merely repand-lobed always alately decurrent on stems (S. phyllanthum) or root tuberous (S. montanum); plants various, sometimes elongating, diffuse or semiscandent. Includes in part Polybotryon, Regmandra, Dulcamara (cf. Cyphomandra, in fruit). Leaves usually subentire; herb with a fibrous tuberous root; petioles more or less alate but not alately decurrent on stem. S. montanum. Leaves repand-lobulate, rarely subentire, always alate-decurrent on stems; half shrubs in age S. phyllanthum. Leaves mostly or all bipinnate or simply pinnate-lobed or -dentate, succulent; flowering as annuals, the base in age subligneous. Corolla 1-1.5 cm. across, simply 5-lobulate (always?). S. multifidum. Corolla 1.5-2 cm. across, sinuses of lobes minutely lobed. S. Murphyi. Leaves ternate, pinnate or pinnately 3-7-lobed and segments alately joined, often only the terminal; plants subdecumbent, diffuse or scandent. Leaves pinnately 3-7-lobed, lobes subequal, glabrous; corollas 5- 10 mm. long S. radicans, S. quercifolium. Leaves compound with 3-many leaflets, rarely 3 terminal joined. Leaflets 3, rarely 5 on a few leaves; corollas 7-12 mm. long (dubious segregates of S. ternatum). Leaflets oblong-lanceolate, equally narrowed both ends, less than 2 cm. wide S. subquinatum. Leaflets ovate-lanceolate to elliptic, oblique at base, mostly at least 2 cm. wide. 178 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII Plants glabrous or essentially S. ternatum. Plants clearly but often lightly pubescent. Peduncles solitary; leaves 3 times longer than wide. S. dendrophilum. Peduncles geminate; leaves twice as long as wide. S. semiscandens. Leaflets regularly 5-many, rarely all, or the terminal 3, alately joined. Corollas shorter than 1 cm.; leaflets never all joined (the names probably refer to about half as many entities). Leaflets 5-9, even the terminal at most 2.5 cm. wide, mostly narrower. Corolla in anthesis 6-8 mm. long; berry subglobose, apic- ulate; plants scandent S. diffusum. Corolla about 3 mm. long; berry conic-acuminate; type decumbent-ascending S. chamaepolybotryon. Leaflets 7-many, if narrower than 3 cm., 11 or more; flowers 3-6 mm. long. Leaflets suboblong, 9 or more. Leaflets acuminate, often wider than 2 cm., glabrous or midnerve puberulent. Flowers white, 3 mm. long; berry subglobose. S. mite. Flowers lilac, 6 mm. long; berry ellipsoid-conic. Leaflets glabrous; berry not alate. . . .S. conicum. Leaflets glabrate; berry alate-angled. S. alatibaccatum. Leaflets subacute, about 1.5-2 cm. wide, pilose; berry acute both ends S. Uleanum. Leaflets rather obovate, subcaudate, more or less pubes- cent, usually 7. Flowers greenish-yellow-white; berry globose. S. huallagense. Flowers lilac; berry conical S. semievectum. Corollas usually at least 1 cm. long; leaves with 3-several often joined segments (cultivated vines, leaves also en- tire at least in part). FLORA OF PERU 179 Leaves with a terminal segment much larger than the two lateral S. Dulcamara. Leaf-divisions or leaflets about alike. Calyx repandly lobed S. jasminoides. Calyx subtruncate, teeth minute S. Seaforthianum. Solatium alatibaccatum Bitter, Repert. Sp. Nov. 12: 68. 1913. Glabrous or nearly, at least the firm-herbaceous fruiting upper part, this with alternate 4-5-pinnate leaves 2-3 dm. long, the peti- oles to 4.5 cm. long or longer, shortly petiolulate leaflets oblong- lanceolate or -elliptic, oblique at base, shortly acuminate, lowest to 6 cm. long, a third as wide, upper somewhat larger (in Peru medial to 5 cm. wide, 1.5 dm. long), membranous, pulverulent on midnerve and veins above, glabrous or nearly beneath where clearly puncticu- late; inflorescence binate (-3) in axils, 4-7-flowered (type), in fruit 1-1.5 cm. long; pedicels 1 cm. long, incrassate apically; calyx lobes obtuse, 1 mm. long and broad; berry conical, to 22 mm. long, half as thick, prominently alate laterally, the wings subcrenulate, continu- ous into a compressed beak about 6 mm. long. Corolla in Peru greenish-white, scarcely 3 mm. long, on pedicels 3.5-4 mm. long. Placed by author in species group Polybotryon but allied by him to his S. theobromyphyllum, probably correctly; as he suggests, relation- ship is certainly not indicated necessarily by simple or compound leaves. Ayacucho: Estrella, 5,000 meters, Killip & Smith 23055 (det. Killip). Ecuador. Solatium chamaepolybotryon Bitter, Repert. Sp. Nov. 11: 471. 1912. Low decumbent-ascending, woody and with roots toward the base, sparsely pubescent or glabrate except petioles, leaf-rachis and midnerve of leaves slightly puberulent; internodes about 3 cm. long; petioles 1.5-3.5 cm. long; leaflets 2 (-3) pairs, lanceolate, attenuate at both ends, the lateral about 3.5-6.5 cm. long, 12-17 mm. wide, the terminal 4-7.5 cm. long, to 1.5 cm. wide, tapering into petioles 3-4 (-10) mm. long; pedicels few-6 mm. long, in fruit 1 cm. long, in- crassate apically; calyx 2 mm. broad, very short; corolla lobes about 2.5-3 mm. long; anthers 1.8 mm. long, emarginate both ends; berry (immature) conical, acuminate, 8 mm. long, half as thick. The leaves are mostly composed of 3 terminal leaflets and only one pair besides; 180 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII the small flowers are apparently not fully developed, in which case this may be a young plant of S. diffusum R. & P. F.M. Neg. 33057. Section Polybotryon. San Martin: Tarapoto, Spruce 4432, type. Solanum conicum R. & P. Fl. Peruv. 2: 38, pi 172. 1799; 66. An herbaceous very sparsely pilose-stemmed plant about 8 dm. high; leaflets about 11 pairs, oblong-lanceolate, acute, unequal at base, the larger 8-12 cm. long or little spinulose-pilose above, soon glabrous; peduncles glabrous, axillary, the racemes often bifid or tri- fid; flowers bluish, 3-4 mm. long, secund, with ovate, acute lobes; berry olive-like, white. Similar to S. mite; stems in type pilose above, angulate; petioles to 7 cm. long; leaves to 2.5 dm. long or longer, with 11 suboblong narrowly acuminate leaflets, these scarcely or not narrowed at the unequal base, the petiolules 2-4 mm. long, the larger blades about 7-10 cm. long, 2.5- nearly 3 cm. wide, the lower 7 cm. long, 2 cm. wide, all glabrous, green above, paler beneath, the 6 or 7 primary veins purplish, little prominent; peduncles 1-3, in fruit stout (1.5-2 mm. thick, 4-6 cm. long, pedicels at least 1 cm. long, apically incrassate), the racemes in flower often 3-5 cm. long, flowers secund; calyx 5-parted; corolla pale blue or lavender, 12 mm. across (Dunal), narrowly ovate segments acute; berry white, conical, the size of an olive (Ruiz & Pavon). My specimen was single- stemmed, slender, nearly 3 dm. tall, essentially glabrous. Section Polybotryon. Huanuco: Chinchao and Cuchero, Ruiz, type. Huacachi near Muna, 4134. Solanum dendrophilum Bitter, Repert. Sp. Nov. 12: 143. 1913. Herb, creeping on trunks, pubescent, with many-celled trichomes; petioles 7-10 cm. long; leaflets 3 (rarely 5), broadly lanceolate, the terminal attenuate at both ends, the lateral very oblique at base, 6-7 cm. long, 2.3-2.5 cm. wide, the petiolule 3-4 mm. long, the ter- minal larger, all membranous; calyx 5 mm. broad, the lobes very short; flowers purple, to 23 mm. across, the lobes 11-12 mm. long; pedicels 1.5-2 cm. long, crowded, subsessile at the top of solitary axillary peduncles, these about 3.5 cm. long; anthers 6 mm. long, 1.5 mm. thick, only subemarginate both ends; ovary conical, gla- brous as the 6-7 mm. long style, the stigma clavate. Section Poly- botryon. San Martin: Campana, (Spruce 4385, type, Herb. Kew). FLORA OF PERU 181 Solatium diffusum R. & P. Fl. Peruv. 2: 37, pi. 171. 1799; 67. S. Feddei Bitter, Repert. Sp. Nov. 12: 67. 1913, fide author. Suffrutescent with virgate and diffuse or scandent branches; leaf- lets (2) 3-4 pairs, thick, glabrous or nearly so, oblong-elliptic, acumi- nate, the larger lateral 3-4 cm. long and 12-15 mm. wide; leaves to 1 dm. long, petioles (2-4 cm.) and rachis more or less pilose as also peduncles, these 2 cm. long with several (-10) violet (sometimes white) flowers 6-8 mm. long on pedicels 5 mm. long, to 1.5 cm. in fruit; calyx crenately lobed, 4.5 mm. across, in var. subtruncate and teeth joined by a membrane; filaments obscure, glabrous as ovary and style, this 6.5 mm. long (var.), the stigma little enlarged; berry subglobose, apiculate (my collection). The var. miozygum (Bitter) Macbr. Field Mus. Bot. 8: 111. 1930 (subsp. miozygum Bitter, Bot. Jahrb. 54, Beibl. 119: 14. 1917) is less pubescent, leaflets 2-3 pairs, calyx nearly truncate. Subgenus Bassovia, according to Bitter, I.e. 17: 331. 1921, as also S. conicum R. & P. Section Polybotryon. F.M. Neg. 12996. San Martin: Jepelacio, King 3665 (det. Standley). Huanuco: Huacachi, near Muna, 4698. Prov. of Huanuco, Ruiz & Pav6n, type. Mufia, (Pearce 135, type, S. Feddei, fide Bitter, I.e. 143). Valley of Rio Pozuzo, Weberbauer 6783, type, var.). Junin: Pichis Trail, Dos de Mayo, Killip & Smith 25811 (det. Morton). Cuzco: Pillahuata, Pennell 14012. Solanum Dulcamara L. Sp. PI. 1: 264. 1753; 78. Flexuose-stemmed vine, the leaves cordate-ovate or the upper often 3-divided, the middle segment broadly ovate, much longer than the unevenly oblong lateral segments; flowers 12 mm. across, the petals 10-spotted; calyx with obtuse lobes; berry ovoid or ellip- soid, more than 1 cm. in diameter when red. Variable; probably grown for ornament. Section Dulcamara. Loreto: Iquitos, Williams 8241 (perhaps; in fruit). Old World. "Asnapanga." Solanum huallagense Bitter, Repert. Sp. Nov. 12: 138. 1913. Stem 1 meter or so high, subligneous below; rather densely but finely pilose all over except in type, pubescence on the leaves beneath confined to veins; leaflets 3-4 pairs (rarely 2), broadly obovate- lanceolate, about 11 or 12 cm. long and 4-6 cm. wide, or the terminal sometimes 14 X 7 cm.; flowers small, yellowish-green, often 20-25 in a binate or ternate axillary inflorescence; peduncle about 1 (-4) cm. 182 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII long; pedicels 2-4 mm. long; calyx 1.5-2.5 mm. wide; corolla 4-5 mm. across, the lobes broadly lanceolate, 2.5 mm. long; anthers ellipsoid, 1-2 mm. long; style 3 mm. long, clearly incrassate to capitate stigma; berry globose, 7-8 mm. long and thick. Near S. trizygum Bitter, I.e. 11 : 470. 1913, of Venezuela, a less pubescent plant with smaller leaves, fewer flowers, cordate anthers and conical fruit (author). Some of the San Martin specimens are rather densely pilose, sug- gesting S. dendrophilum or S. Uleanum, the latter typically with much smaller and more numerous leaflets, the former with fewer, and, ex char., not obovate. F.M. Neg. 33079. Section Polybotryon. San Martin: San Roque, Williams 6956. Tarapoto, Williams 6045. Jepelacio, Klug 3686 (det. Standley, S. Uleanum). Loreto: Yurimaguas, Spruce 3882, type; Williams 426 %; 5351; Killip & Smith 27614. Santa Rosa, Williams 4905. Balsapuerto, Klug 2872 (det. Standley, S. Uleanum}. La Victoria, Williams 2829; 2923. "Sapote yacu" (Williams). Solarium jasminoides Paxton in Paxt. Mag. 8: pi. 5. 1841; 82. Many-stemmed, twining, glabrous (except young branches and pedicels), the leaves subcordate, ovate, acute or acuminate, mostly entire or 2-5 divided or pinnately parted, the suboblong divisions subobtuse, ordinarily several cm. long, about a third as wide; petioles sometimes strongly curved at base, even clasping adjacent stems, 6-14 mm. long; racemes in terminal or lateral dichotomous panicles; peduncles and pedicels pilosulous, the latter about 10 mm. long, often arcuate; calyx green, to 4 mm. across, the broadly ovate subciliate teeth acute, spreading; corolla pale blue or white, to 2 cm. broad, spreading, deeply divided, the 5 ovate segments acute, 6 or 7 mm. long, nearly half as wide; stamens 4 mm. long; anthers connivent in a tube, pores obovate; ovary and style whitish, the latter often somewhat villous, 6 mm. long. Crovetto, Rev. Invest. Argent. Agric. 2: 188, has illustrated the similar (or probably merely a form) S. boerhaaviaefolium Sendt. treated as a variety by Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 3, 2: 226. 1898. As Dr. Crovetto remarks, the relation- ship of the plants must await critical studies. Similar species per- haps grown for ornament include S. Dulcamara L. and S. Seaforthia- num Andrews; the first has terminal leaflet much the largest, corolla 12 mm. across, calyx lobed, fruit oblong-ovoid, the second the leaflets subequal, corolla 2-2.5 cm. across, calyx teeth minute, berry subglobose. Illustrated, Bot. Reg. pi. 33; Crovetto, I.e. 189; Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 9: 43 (petiole around stick). FLORA OF PERU 183 Loreto: Rio Itaya, Williams 3382. Southern South America. "Jasmin." Solatium mite R. & P. Fl. Peruv. 2: 38, pi 175. 1799; 66. A tall essentially erect or semi-erect glabrous herb; leaflets 4-5 pairs, oblong-lanceolate-acuminate, very oblique at base, petiolate (petiolules 6-15 mm. long), mostly 7-10 cm. long, 2.5-3 cm. wide; racemes short, clustered in the axils, about 1-3 cm. long; pedi- cels filiform, incrassate at apex, recurving, secund, calyx minute, 5-parted, the teeth round-ovate, subacute; corolla white or nearly, almost 2 mm. long, 4-6 mm. across, the lanceolate segments acute; stamens half as long as the corolla, subsessile, the stout anthers connivent, 1-1.5 or scarcely 2 mm. long, dehiscing by two apical chinks; style subulate, 1-1.5 mm. long, papillose, deflexed above, obscurely punctulate, the small obconic stigma subemarginate; berry white, subglobose. Belongs to the subgenus Bassovia according to Bitter, Repert. Sp. Nov. 17: 331. 1921; the Killip and Smith material from erect herbs 1-3 meters high. Perhaps should not be restricted so narrowly; Bitter proposed a subspecies hexazygum, Repert. Sp. Nov. 11: 10, 19. 1912, glabrous, 4 pairs of leaflets, anthers nearly 2 mm. long, style 3.5 mm. long; there are doubtless fewer genetic species; several names probably will be found to represent individuals only. Section Polybotryon. F.M. Neg. 2625. San Martin: Tarapoto, Williams 6045. Juanjui, Klug 4252 (det. Standley). San Roque, Williams 7035. Huanuco: Tingo Maria, Allard 22193 (det. Lyman Smith); Stork & Horton 9536 (det. Stand- ley); Ferreyra 880; 1575 (det. Morton); Soukup 2210 (det. Killip). Cayumba, Mexia 8326 A. Pozuzo, 4676. Tulumayo, Ferreyra 2138 (det. Morton). Junin: Chanchamayo, Isern 2241. Pichis Trail, Killip & Smith 26140 (det. Morton). Near Peren4 Bridge, Killip & Smith 25331. La Merced, 5267; Killip & Smith 23561; 24066 Loreto: Yurimaguas, Killip & Smith 27614; 28108 (all det. Morton, S. semievectum) ; Williams 4264; 5351. Solatium montanum L. Sp. PL ed. 2, 1: 336. 1763; 61. S. tuberiferum Dunal in DC. Prodr. 13: 63. 1852. S. tuberiferum Dunal, var. avenarium Dunal, I.e. Low ascending-erect herb from a shallow set subglobose tuber bearing many fibrous roots; indument sparse, evanescent, spiculose, mostly persisting only on the bracted or ebracteolate sometimes furcate few-flowered inflorescences; petioles usually or all well- 184 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII defined, often elongating to several cm., narrowly alate toward apex by the more or less decurrent (basally long-attenuate) leaf- base, commonly more or less amplexicaul but not decurrent on the weak stems, entire to repand-dentate or lobulate; leaves ovate- subrotund, ordinarily 5 or 6 cm. long, at least half as wide (-3), peduncles to 1 dm. long, pedicels about 1.5 cm. long, nearly filiform; calyx lobes suboblong-obovate, unequal or equal, subobtuse, partly enclosing the pale berry, scarcely 5 mm. long; corolla white or violet, rotate-substellate, about 1 cm. long, nearly as broad at top; anthers oblong-ellipsoid, 4 mm. long, more or less exceeded by the style, the stigma conical; berry about 5 mm. in diameter. DunaPs plant was characterized by a shallow corolla finally opening stellate, the variety particularly by the presence of bracts, apparently intangible characters in this instance; his diagnosis of the Linnaean plant seems to be after the plate of Feuille'e in the latter's work, pi. 46. 1766, and his variety on plate 160 of Ruiz and Pavon (2: 32); Bitter proposed in herb, several under-species names. Variable in foliage, the key character even may not be constant and indeed some young specimens, as my 5860 and 5864, could be this species; cf. in this connection S. phyllanthum Cav. S. montanum L. however is at least characteristically a loma species. F.M. Negs. 2645; 8592; 33119. Section Regmandra. Ancash: Lomas de Monzon, Goodspeed Exped. 9165; 9166 (det. Johnston). Lima: Chorillos, 5860; Weberbauer 5687. Near Lima, Wawra; Feuillee, type. Prov. Lima and Chancay, Ruiz & Pavdn (type, S. tuberiferum et var.); Weberbauer 7486b; Goodspeed Exped. 9098; 9100; 9238; 04013; 809 9a (all det. Johnston). Mount St. Augustin, Weberbauer 5224- Atocongo, Pennell 14785. Arequipa: Mollendo, Weberbauer 1454> 1577. Near Chala, Goodspeed Exped. 15609 (det. Johnston). "Papas de lomas," "papas de montana." Solatium multifidum Lam. Illus. 2: 17. 1793; 66. S. multifidum R. & P. Fl. Peruv. 2: 37, pi. 17, fig. a. 1799. Witheringia multifida (R. & P.) Dunal, Syn. Sol. 3. 1816. S. pinnatifidum R. & P. I.e. pi. 170, fig. b. W. pinnatifida (R. & P.) Dunal, I.e. 2. S. senecioides Dombey ex Dunal in DC. Prodr. 13: 65. 1852. S. Tafallae Macbr. Field Mus. Bot. 8: 111. 1930 (S. multifidum R. & P. I.e. not Lam. Illus. I.e.). S. callianthemum Bitter, ined. Succulent herb, glabrous or obscurely evanescently pilosulous, flowering as a slender annual with fibrous root, soon densely leafy, the root and base becoming stout and stems more or less broadly FLORA OF PERU 185 alate by the mostly bipinnatifid leaves, these to 2 dm. long, about half as wide, the ultimate divisions obtuse; in age stems more or less tufted, cicatricose and subligneous; racemes terminal, 2-6 cm. long, simple, 2-3-branched or corymbose, the peduncles exceeding the foliage and sometimes naked, sometimes with an entire or a pinnately lobed bract, even on the same plant; pedicels capillary, 1-2 cm. long; calyx lobes suboblong, obtuse or subacute, 2 mm. long; corolla blue, somewhat angulate, 1-scarcely 1.5 cm. broad; anthers exceeded by style, yellowish, to 4 mm. long, dehiscence lateral; fruit pale yellow on arcuate or recurved pedicels, 5 mm. in diameter; stone cells not found by Bitter in this and related species, except perhaps S. phyllanthum Cav. Dunal remarked that in spite of confusion in application of names he thought three distinct species were concerned (he saw only four specimens); he stressed presence or absence of bract on peduncle, this sometimes remotely glandular- verruculose, development of inflorescence and other mostly vegetative characters; the Arequipa form may be varietal, the corolla larger (not always), the peduncles obscurely lineately glandular (?). S. pinnatifidum Lam. Illus. pi. 115, f. 4- 1793 (S. rundnatum L'He*r. ex Dunal, 68) with fibrous roots was S. pinnatum Cav. according to Bitter in Herb. Dahlem; it is said also to include S. Feuillei Dunal, I.e. 70, also of Chile, the root developed as stout, fleshy; S. pinnatum Cav. with simply pinnate leaves is unknown in Peru unless in hort. Bruns referred Gunther & Buchtien 107 and 107 a (not seen) from Mejia and Cachendo, Arequipa, to the Chilean S. Remeyanum Phil., Cat. PI. Itin. Tarapaca 66. 1891, with puberulent corollas 8-9 mm. long; the determination is doubtful. A beautiful plant, characteristic of the dryer seaward slopes of sandy lomas. F.M. Negs. 29724; 6747 (type, S. senecioides) ; 2599 (Weberbauer 1458}. Section Regmandra. Ancash: Lomas de Monzon, Goodspeed 9182. Lima: Chancay, Dombey, type. Lima and Chancay, Ruiz & Pavdn (type, S. pinnati- fidum). Pasomayo, Stork & Vargas 9343 (det. Johnston). Mt. San Augustin, Weberbauer 5239; Asplund 13790. Chorillos, Weber- bauer 5691 . Lurin, 5928. Lomas de Pasomayo, Vargas 1239. Lomas de Lachay, Soukup 1851. Near Lima, Rose 18561; 18583; Gaudi- chaud. Arequipa: Mollendo, Worth & Morrison 15731; 15753 (det. Johnston); Guenther; Weberbauer 1458 (type, S. callianthemum) ; 1572. Lomas de Checa, Raimondi. Pongo, Prov. Camand, Tafalla (type, S. multifidum R. & P.). Tacna: Near Tacna, Werdermann 724. 186 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII Solatium Murphyi Johnst. Contr. Gray Herb. 95: 34. 1931. Glabrous (except corolla), succulent, erect, 1.5-3 dm. tall, sub- dichotomously branched, the usually simple branches to 12 cm. long; ovate or ovate-oblong leaves 1.5-2.5 cm. long, 5-8 mm. wide, abruptly contracted to alate petiole, 5-7-lobed, the lobes obtusely 2-3-pinnate, the margins evidently revolute; inflorescence 1-2- flowered, often terminal on the branches, pedicels slender, 5-9 mm. long, reflexed in fruit; calyx 4-4.5 mm. long, the 5 oblong obtuse lobes erect, 3-3.5 mm. long, 1-1.5 mm. wide, stipitate-glandular within; corolla purple-blue, cupuliform or rotate-infundibuliform, 1.5-2 cm. across, about 12 mm. long, villosulous only without, the rounded apiculate lobes about 8 mm. broad, 1.5 mm. long with rounded lobules about 2 mm. wide, 0.9 mm. long in the sinuses; filaments 4 mm. above base, anthers equal, oblong, 2-2.5 mm. long, bipored; style 5.5 mm. long, stigmas compressed; fruit globose, di- ameter 5-7 mm. Seems to be related to the Chilean S. Feuillei Dunal (S. pinnatum Cav.). According to Bitter, species apparently without intermediate lobules in corolla sinuses. A distinct species or a variant may be represented by Weberbauer 7960, the leaves simply pinnate, the small lobules entire. Illustrated, Johnst. I.e. pi. 7 (photo). This pretty plant, specifically distinct or not, recalls to botanists the ornithologist Robert Cushman Murphy, whose consciousness of all nature is so pleasantly apparent in his "The Bird Islands of Peru" (Putnam, 1925). lea: Among rocks, foggy summit, Viejas Island, (Murphy 3219, type). Near crest of San Gallen, (Murphy 3479). Bahia de la Independencia, 500 meters, Weberbauer 7960? Solatium phyllanthum Cav. Icones 4: 35, pi. 359. 1797; 63. Witheringia phyllantha (Cav.) Dunal, Syn. Sol. 2. 1816. S. rhopalo- stigma Bitter, Abhandl. Nat. Verh. Bremen 23: 148. 1914, form. A low (vigorous plants sometimes about 1 meter long) at first often somewhat ashy pubescent herb, persisting and becoming a half-shrub, the ovate-rhombic to suboblong entire to sinuately lobed leaves decurrent at base into the winged petioles and stems; leaves, including the ordinarily scarcely defined petiole, usually 5-8 (11.5) cm. long, about a third as wide; racemes few-many-flowered, dichot- omous, seemingly terminal, the wing-based subtending leaf often entire; flowers light purple or mauve, rarely white, 1-2 cm. wide; pedicels flexuose or arcuate, 1-2 cm. long; calyx cyathiform, seg- FLORA OF PERU 187 ments oblong, subobtuse, 5 mm. long, with somewhat rounded membranous sinus in fruit; corolla plicate, spreading, angulate, 1-1.5 (2) cm. across; anthers yellow, early bipored, promptly laterally dehiscent, well-exceeded by style, the stigma more conical; berry whitish or reddish, finally about 1 cm. in diameter, subapical stone cells 2 (Weberbauer 1554, fide Bitter). Variable, especially in foliage, degree and permanence of the simple indument, size of flowers. An attractive flower in March and April, mostly on rocky slopes; applied to wounds (Hinkley). Bitter has proposed, in herb., two segregate species. Glabrate forms and young plants readily con- fused with S. montanum (S. tuberiferum) with which it sometimes grows and perhaps some undeveloped specimens referred here on key character without roots may belong actually to S. montanum. The southern state is often more puberulent but not always, my 331 and Munz 15517 being similar. F.M. Negs. 2634; 5317 (both Weberbauer with ined. names). Section Regmandra. Lima: Lomas, Pasomayo, Vargas 1227. Provinces of Lima, Chancay and Lurin, Ruiz & Pavdn, type. Matucana, 331; Weber- bauer 5252. Chosica, Weberbauer 5317 (form). Pachacamac, Mexia 04054 (det. Johnston, S. tuberiferum). Huarochiri, Goodspeed 33111 (det. Killip, S. tuberiferum). Atocongo, Ferreyra 3891 (det. L. B. Smith, S. tuberiferum). Arequipa: Quequena, Eyerdam & Beetle 22174- Mollendo, Hitchcock 22374. Chachani Mt., Hinkley 9. Arequipa, Pennell 13049; 12343; Rose 19004; Sandeman 3777; Munz 15517; Seler 213; Balls 5869; 5871. Yura, T. D. A. Cockerell. Along railroad to Puno, Shepard 249. Mollendo, Weberbauer 1554 (type, S. rhopalostigma) . Near Mejia and Posco, (Gunther & Buchtien 90; 91 ; 92) . Tacna : Near Tarma, Meyen. Candarave, Weberbauer 7368; Metcalf 30372. Chile. "Papa cimarrona" (Balls), "nuccho bianco" (Hinkley). Solanum quercifolium L. Sp. PI. 264. 1753; 71. S. reclinatum L'Her. ex Pers. Syn. 1: 225. 1805?; 68. S. infundibuliforme Phil. Anal. Mus. Nat. Chile 65. 1891, as to Peru? A clambering glabrous or nearly glabrous herb with thickish pin- nately mostly (3) 5-7-lobed leaves; lobes ovate-oblong to linear- oblong, entire or the terminal toothed, the sinuses rounded; leaves 5-8 cm. long, decurrent into the petiole; calyx teeth broadly ovate, acute, early 1 mm. long, to 1.5 mm. in fruit; corolla lavender, about 1 cm. long and broader; fruiting pedicels even 1 cm. long. Has been characterized as having more open pseudo-terminal cymes and 188 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL XIII mostly 7 leaf segments in contrast to S. radicans L. f., seemingly and probably a fanciful sorting of specimens; here may belong Gunther & Buchtein 102, 102a and 1401 from Pasco and Mollendo, Arequipa, determination Brims, S. infundibuliforme Phil. I.e. with corolla 2 cm. long (ex. char.) . Original by Jussieu from Peru, probably near Lima; in Herb. Willd. ex Thunberg as from Peru; type of S. reclinatum, by Dombey, possibly not from Peru, scarcely distinct, the leaf segments linear-oblong; there are similar Bolivian plants, possibly an exag- gerated development in shade, terminal leaf lobe to 1 dm. long! F.M. Negs. 2908; 6746 (S. reclinatum). Section Dukamara. Lima: Near Lima, Soukup 1923 (det. Killip) ; Matucana, 138; 381 (both det. Johnston). Huanuco: Near Huanuco, Stork & Horton 9372 (det. Standley); Sawada 62. Junin: Tarma, Killip & Smith 21 881 . Loreto : Rio Morona, Dennis 291 64 (det. Morton) . Paraiso, Rio Itaya, Williams 3382. Cuzco: San Geronimo, Pennell 14205. Ollantaitambo, Pennell 13687; Cook & Gilbert 371 (both det. John- ston). Arequipa: Tingo, Pennell 13100. Solatium radicans L. f. Dec. pi. 10. 1762; 71. S. cymosum Herrera, Contr. Fl. Dept. Cuzco 2: 168. 1921. Perhaps differs from S. quercifolium L. in having 5 leaf segments, denser pseudo-axillary cymes, much smaller pale purple (or nearly white) flowers (about 5 mm. wide) and narrowly ovate calyx lobes 1.5 mm. long to nearly 3 mm. long in fruit. Apparent intermediates exist and character appears tenuous. The Hitchcock specimen, "after October rains" has upper leaves about 1 dm. long, corollas nearly 7 mm. long, calyx teeth 2 mm. long. Section Dulcamara. Piura: Huancabamba, (Bonpland). Cajamarca: Cutervo, Rai- mondi (det. Werdermann). Amazonas: Chachapoyas, Mathews (det. Morton). Lima: Valle de Chillon, Velarde Nunez 908 (det. Morton). Huanuco: Raimondi (det. Werdermann). Junin: Huancayo, Ledig 35; Soukup 2702 (det. Morton). Tarma, Killip & Smith 21881. Ayacucho: Pomobamba, Raimondi (det. Werdermann). Cuzco: Sicuani, Cook & Gilbert 88. Urubamba Valley, Herrera 1734 (det. Werdermann); (Herrera, type, S. cymosum). Arequipa: Yura, Cockerell. Mollendo, Hitchcock 22373. Chala, Raimondi (det. Werder- mann). Bolivia, Chile. "Kusmaillu" (Herrera); "cushay," "cuspallo," "cusmayllu" (Cook & Gilbert). Solanum Seaforthianum Andrews, Bot. Repos. pi. 504- 1797- 1804; 67. FLORA OF PERU 189 Glabrous (or nearly), sometimes climbing several meters; petioles 2-3 cm. long, straight or curved; leaves to about 1 dm. long with mostly 5-9 ovate-oblong or subelliptic leaflets, the 3-5 upper often only segments by reason of their basal union, all somewhat acumi- nate, 3-4 (8) cm. long, the terminal little larger; cymes subterminal, finally lateral, rather few-many-flowered; pedicels slender, incrassate above, 5 or 6 mm. long; calyx narrowed at base with 5 remote minute teeth or these nearly obsolete; corolla stellate, violet or lilac, (1) 2- 2.5 cm. across, obscurely or not puberulent; stamens 4 (4.5) mm. long, exceeded by the glabrous style; berry globose, 6-9 mm. in diameter, finally reddish. Illustrated, Bot. Mag. 45: pi 1982. Section Poly- botryon. Loreto: Yurimaguas, Williams 1+323; 1*877. West Indies; north- ern South America; Mexico. Solarium semievectum Bitter, Repert. Sp. Nov. 12: 542. 1913. A nearly glabrous fleshy or hollow-stemmed herb, sparsely pilose only on the leaf rachis and midnerves and at the leaf insertions; peti- oles about 1.5 cm. long; leaflets 3 pairs, the lower lateral petiolate, the upper subsessile, the former mostly 8.5 X 2.5 cm., the latter 14 X 3.5 cm., the terminal 8.5 X 3.5 to 15 X 5 cm.; half of each inflorescence axillary, the other half borne from about the middle of the slender petioles; flowers and fruit unknown in type. Unless by the inflorescence apparently the same as S. conicum R. & P.; prob- ably the second inflorescence is also axillary from a young leaf, un- developed or broken off. Section Polybotryon. F.M. Neg. 2638. Huanuco: Muna, 4001. Loreto: Yurimaguas, Poeppig, type. Puerto Arturo, below Yurimaguas, Killip & Smith 27760 (det. Mor- ton; det. Standley, S. mite). Solatium semiscandens Bitter, Repert. Sp. Nov. 12: 142. 1913. Scandent or semiscandent shrub, the younger fistulose stems sub- floccose with many-celled hairs; petioles 3.5-4.5 cm. long; leaves ternate, thick, glabrous above, sparsely pubescent beneath; leaflets broadly elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate, the lateral oblique at base, on petiolules 6-8 mm. long, the blades 4.5-5 cm. long, 2.2-3 cm. wide, the terminal 5- nearly 7 cm. long; inflorescence axillary, geminate, the peduncles 5-10 cm. long, the 4-9 apically congested pedicels 1.5-2 cm. long; calyx lobes 1.5 mm. long; flowers lilac or white with purple bases, 1-1.5 cm. broad, the fleshy petals pubescent without, 7 mm. long, 4-5 mm. wide at base; anthers sessile, 6x3 mm.; style 190 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII 6.5 mm. long, papillose only above. Cf. S. ternatum. Section Poly- botryon. Hudnuco: Muna, trail to Tambo de Vaca, 1*279. Mufia, (Pearce, type). Solanutn subquinatum Bitter, Repert. Sp. Nov. 12: 144. 1913. A sparsely pubescent or glabrate herb related to S. ternatum R. & P. but the leaflets sometimes five, all lanceolate and attenuate at both ends, the smallest about 1.5 cm., the terminal about 3.5 cm. long; peduncles 4-5 cm. long, with 4-10 flowers at apex on pedicels 1-1.5 cm. long; calyx 6 mm. across, lobes obtuse, obscure; corolla 12 mm. broad, lobes 6 mm. long, 2.5-3.5 wide, scarcely more than papillose pubescent; anthers subsessile, 5X2 mm., cordate at base; style 5.5 mm. long, obscurely or not papillose, stigma obtuse; berry (young) subconic. Corolla pale yellowish-brown, center yellow; leaves dark green, lustrous (Woytkowski) . Section Polybotryon. Amazonas: Chachapoyas, (Mathews, type, Herb. Kew and Brit. Mus.). Hudnuco: Divisoria, 1,600 meters, Woytkowski 512 (det. Cuatrecasas, S. semiscandens). Solatium ternatum R. & P. Fl. Peruv. 2: 38, pi. 172, fig. a. 1799; 67. A scandent shrub similar to S. semiscandens Bitter but glabrous and leaflets elliptic to oblong-lanceolate, shortly acuminate to sub- obtuse, rounded to acute at base, the lateral more shortly and obliquely, 5-7 cm. long to about 2 cm. wide; peduncles 1-5 cm. long, the 3-6 subumbellate pedicels often 1 cm. long; calyx 5-crenate; flowers purplish white to purple-violet, about 1 cm. long; berry cherry size, ovoid-conic, whitish. Leaves soft, fleshy, or little puber- ulent on veins beneath (Woytkowski). S. trifolium Dunal, 68, type by Tafalla from Guayaquil, is distinctive by its subrotund leaflets. F.M. Neg. 2639. Subgenus Bassovia Bitter; that is, Polybotryon. Huanuco: Cuchero, Ruiz & Pavdn, type. Junin: Agua Dulce, Woytkowski 35416 (det. Cuatrecasas). Utcuyacu, Woytkowski 1168 (det. Killip). Colombia. Solarium Uleanum Bitter, Repert. Sp. Nov. 12: 139, pi. 1. 1913. S. Uleanum Bitter, var. unipedunculata Bitter, I.e. 140. High-climbing by scattered and fascicled adventitious rootlets; densely pubescent, the trichomes mostly simple; petioles 3.5-5 cm. FLORA OF PERU 191 long; leaflets 6 (-7) pairs, thin, broadly lanceolate or nearly oblong- lanceolate, subacute, the lowest about 4 cm. long by less than 1.5 cm. wide, the uppermost and terminal about 6 cm. long, 2 cm. wide; peduncles geminate or solitary, axillary, 1-2.5 cm. long; flowers sev- eral to two dozen; pedicels often 8 mm. long (15 in fruit) ; calyx lobes obtuse; corolla white or yellowish, the lobes about 4.5 mm. long; filaments 0.7 mm. long, anthers 1.5-2 mm. long, cordate at base; style 5 mm. long, papillose; berry longer than broad, attenuate both ends, evanescently pubescent. Var. gracilescens Bitter, I.e. 141, is more slender; petioles 1.5-2 cm. long; leaflets only 5 pairs, the small- est about 17 X 8 mm., the terminal about 26 X 8 or 9 mm., all more sparsely pilose; flowers 7-14. Leaves green both sides (type) or in variants purple or violet beneath. F.M. Neg. 3178. Subgenus Bas- sovia according to Bitter, I.e. 17: 331. 1921; that is, Polybotryon. Rio Acre: Porto Carlos, (Ule). San Francisco, Ule 97561), type; 9756 (type, var. unipedunculata) . SERIES 4 (mostly Leiodendron, sens, lat.) Shrubs or small trees, virgate half-shrubs, rarely vines or sub- scandent, never prickly; leaves entire. Includes for convenience S. Miquelii, and entire-leaved species of Dulcamara, entire-leaved species of Polybotryon, the trailing S. oxycoccoides, the lax S. chacha- poyasense, the 4-merous S. cruciferum (partly at one time Anthoresis, later Anarrichomenum) ; it is doubtful if these groups, as well as Anthoresis, Anthopleuris, Indubitaria, for that matter, are natural associations or at any rate helpful classification or identification aids maintained separate from Leiodendron. S. caudatum is omitted from the key as too imperfectly known. Inflorescence more or less compound, often early terminal, rarely capitate; species usually somewhat pubescent or defined peti- oles short or absent (plants allied to S. acuminatum, S. patellare or forms of these might be sought here; also S. styracioides) . Leaves not obovate nor alately long-decurrent, sometimes acute at base; rarely 1.5 dm. long, often much shorter. Vine, puberulent above; leaves often undulately crisped. S. styracioides, S. Miquelii. Shrubs or trees; leaves usually plane. Leaves rather oblong-lanceolate (sometimes subovate, S. au- reum); indument beneath often obscure, fulvous, rarely grayish or absent. 192 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII Flowers showy, about 2 cm. long S. patulum. Flowers much smaller. Pubescence of leaves distributed, not axillary-tufted. Leaves not bullate-asperous, sometimes scabrous. Flowers usually in the acuminate leaves . . S. nitidum. Flowers usually above the acute or shortly acuminate leaves S. aureum. Leaves strongly asperous or (type) bullate-asperous. S. selachophyllum. Pubescence tufted in nerve axils S. manicatum. Leaves rather ovate, canescent-stellate at least beneath. Calyx subcrenate; leaves bicolor, green but sparsely stellu- late above S. salviifolium. Calyx lobed; leaves more or less canescent both sides. Stiped trichomes dominant on younger parts. S. umbellatum. Stiped trichomes not prevalent, at least usually. S. verbascifolium. Leaves somewhat obovate (unless aberrant or allied forms), basally acute or cuneate to alately long-decurrent; often ample, often sessile or subsessile; never much pubescent, mostly glabrous or glabrate (many ambiguous specimens exist, species dubious). Petioles alate-margined even to base by decurrent suboblong- obovate blades, these often crowded, alternate, (1) 2-3 dm. long. Leaves usually 3-4 cm. wide, 1-1.5 dm. long; flowers to 1 cm. long, congested S. monadelphum. Leaves finally much larger. Flowers 1-1.5 cm. long; leaves sessile, even clasping. S. sessile. Flowers 5-8 mm. long; leaves subsessile. Leaves glabrous S. marmellosanum. Leaves early scurfy tomentose beneath . . S. oblongifolium. Petioles shortly margined or scarcely, typically defined, often geminate; corollas 5-7 mm. long. Pedicels stout, soon incrassate, 5-10 mm. long. S. dibrachiatum. Pedicels subfiliform, soon about 1 cm. long S. pulchrum. FLORA OF PERU 193 Inflorescence simple, axillary, lateral or at branchlet tips, rarely early terminal (sometimes 1-furcate, S. patellare, S. amotapense, S. lu- teoalbum, racemes rarely panicled, S. acuminatum) . Erect or suberect often shortly branched shrubs or half-shrubs, densely pubescent; corollas 5 mm. long or longer. Leaves and branchlet tips sericeous pilose or villous; leaves ovate to elliptic. Leaves geminate, the smaller stipuliform; trichomes branched. S. xanthophaeum. Leaves alternate, stipuliform often on axils; trichomes simple. S. chachapoyasense, S. sericeum. Leaves at least beneath and branchlets (except var.) more or less arachnoid-lanate-tomentose or leaves oblong-lanceolate (see also third contrast). Flowers subumbellate, peduncles absent or short, pedicels to 1.5 (-2) cm. long. Petioles 1-1.5 cm. long or longer. Calyx lobes low, rounded, firm- margined; indument sub- persisting at least on branchlets (except var.). S. ochrophyllum. Calyx lobes about oblong, subobtuse; indument, except inflorescence, soon evanescent S. nutans. Petioles 3-5 mm. long; calyx crenate or lobes rounded. Leaves all or mostly alternate, about 5-7 cm. wide, ob- tuse; calyx crenate S. chloranthum. Leaves geminate, the larger 3^1 cm. wide, acuminate, the smaller stipuliform; calyx lobes rounded. . .S. solum. Flowers few, in well-peduncled inflorescences. Leaves ovate. Leaves tomentose-stellate both sides; calyx deeply parted; tomentose S. luteoalbum (var.). Leaves green above, nerves pubescent. Calyx gibbous, margin denticulate S. amotapense. Calyx deeply parted S. Lechleri. Leaves oblong-lanceolate S. nitidum (var.). Leaves (beneath) and branchlets rarely hispidulous, early scurfy or puberulent, usually soon glabrate or glabrous or indu- 194 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII ment localized; corollas 5-10 mm. long (unknown in S. lu- teoalbum). Leaves at least mostly alternate, subequal and rarely 1 dm. long. Flowers, except S. pseudocapsicum, several, 5-merous; leaves usually 5-10 cm. long. Leaves about ovate, obtuse or acute, rarely obtusely acu- minate. Calyx lobed or parted. Leaves rather attenuate to base, obtuse, subobtuse or subobtusely acuminate, usually pubescent in nerve axil . . . S. maturecalvans, S. amblophyllum. Leaves rounded to acute base, acute; indument, if present, general S. luteoalbum. Calyx gibbous below, the margin denticulate. S. amotapense. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, more or less acuminate. Pedicels 1-3 in each axil S. pseudocapsicum. Pedicels racemose S. nitidum. Flowers 4-merous, 1-2; leaves 2-4 cm. long. .S. cruciferum. Leaves often geminate and more or less unequal, the larger mostly 1-1.5 dm. long, even when alternate. Leaves ovate- or broadly elliptic, rounded to acute or shortly cuneate at base, little or not narrowed to rounded or cuspidate tip; smaller leaves (if present) more rounded. Leaves firm to coriaceous, glabrous to evanescently scurfy, geminate. Corollas rather thin, 6 or 7 mm. long. .S. acuminatum. Corollas fleshy, 8-10 mm. long. S. psidiifolium, S. oblongum. Leaves membranous, often puberulent as inflorescence. Inflorescence racemose, ped uncled; leaves in part gem- inate S. patellare. Inflorescence subsessile; leaves often alternate. S. deflexiflorum. Leaves oblong-elliptic, subequally attenuate both ends, often slightly and not or little diverse except in size; corollas 7 or 8 mm. long S. oppositifolium. FLORA OF PERU 195 Erect, simple or virgately branched half-shrubs, or sprawling to scandent, rarely trailing perennial, often rooting at lower nodes; corollas 2-3, rarely 4 mm. long (longer in oxycoccoides) (cf. S. deflexiflorum). Leaves geminate at least some of the upper, all very unequal, the smaller stipuliform, diverse. Flowers 2-3 mm. long; leaves not all (rarely none) geminate. S. loretoanum, S. confine. Flowers 4 mm. long; leaves (flowering branchlets) all geminate. S. anisophyllum. Leaves alternate, subequal, not diverse, sometimes large. Leaves more or less decurrent; stems glabrous or glabrate. Corolla lobes about 4 mm. long, broadly ovate-oblong to narrowly oblong; berry early long-conic, finally 1 cm. thick S. anceps. Corolla lobes 2-3.5 (5) mm. long, oblong or suboblong. Berry even early not conical; pedicels in flower arcuate, 5-10 mm. long S. robustifrons. Berry early conical; pedicels subascending, to 5 mm. long. S. theobromophyllum, S. angustialatum. Leaves not or little decurrent at rounded base, somewhat pubescent both sides. Flowers 2-3 mm. long; stems stout. . . .S. hederiradiculum. Flowers 5-6 mm. long; stems slender, trailing. S. oxycoccoides. Solanum acuminatum R. & P. Fl. Peruv. 2: 34, pi. 159, fig. a. 1799; 146. S. hypomicropogon Bitter, Repert. Sp. Nov. 18: 56. 1922. A glabrous or glabrate shrub or tree with geminate oblong-elliptic or ovate abruptly cuspidate-caudate leaves, somewhat unequal in size, the larger to 1.5 dm. long, the smaller of each pair about 8 cm. long or longer, lustrous above, reticulate-venose beneath, the 7 or 8 lateral nerves there prominent; petioles 10-12 mm. long; racemes nearly opposite the leaves, simple; peduncle (rachis) cicatrose to 1 cm. above base, becoming 4-5 cm. long; flowers many, secund, in two alternate series, the slender pedicels 1-1.5 (2) cm. long; calyx cyathiform, broadly ovate lobes subacute or apiculate; corolla in type white, about 12 mm. across, the subacute cucullate elliptic-oblong lobes to 7 mm. long; anthers obovate, the cells gibbously thickened, 196 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII to 4 mm. long; filaments 1 mm. long; style 5- nearly 5.5 mm. long; berry (Williams) nearly 1 cm. in diameter. Sometimes a few tri- chomes are in the nerve-axils of leaves beneath; doubtfully distinct from S. oblongum R. & P. Cuzco and Puno specimens had pale to dark purple flowers, leaf-nerves in latter more prominent, at least a variant but probably nearer S. oblongum R. & P. than S. Warmingii Hiern. Bitter's proposed species was based on tree (10 meters) with more acuminate leaves, more open inflorescence, larger flowers in contrast to S. oblongum; these characters, developed in degree, sug- gest that a single species may in fact be concerned. S. triste Jacq. Stirp. Amer. 50. pi. 40. 1780, to which a Poeppig specimen was re- ferred in several herbaria presumably belongs here or to S. oblongum R. & P., scarcely the same as Jacquin's plant of the Caribbean. An open shrub or small tree. Illustrated, Mart. Fl. Bras. 10: pi. 2, figs. 20-25. Section Leiodendron. F.M. Negs. 2594; 2610. Tumbez: Region del Caucho, Velarde Nunez 355 (det. Morton with query). Cajamarca: Prov. Hualgayoc, Soukup 3882. San Martin: Lamas, Williams 6352. Tarapoto, Williams 5450. Hud- nuco: Cueva Grande, Near Pozuzo, 4794. Mufia, 4027; 4155. Chin- chao, Ruiz & Pav6n, type. Junin: Merced, (Weberbauer 1876, type, S. hypomicropogon) . Loreto: Yurimaguas, Poeppig 2279 (distr. as S. triste Jacq,). Near Iquitos, Williams 8242. Masisea, Killip & Smith 26863 (det. Morton, S. hypomicropogon}. Cuzco: Pillahuata, Pennell 13951. Puno: Santa Domingo to Chabuca. Solatium amblophyllum Hook. Bot. Misc. 2: 231. 1831; 157. S. hypostichopogon Bitter, Repert. Sp. Nov. 16: 95. 1920. S. barbu- latum Zahlbr. Ann. Naturh. Hofm. Wien 7: 7. 1892. A stocky short-branched shrub in hills or small open bush or tree (especially in higher areas), the mature foliage usually glabrous ex- cept (sometimes absent) loose tufts of pubescence in the axils of the principal, often (9) 13 leaf -nerves beneath; internodes 2.5-4 cm. long, sometimes much shorter; leaves yellowish-green, elliptic-lanceolate to suboblong, obtuse, mostly about 7 (5.5-10) cm. long; inflorescence opposite, the leaves subterminal, few- (a dozen or so) flowered; pe- duncles 0.5-2.5 cm. long, pedicels about 1.5 cm. long (-2.5 cm. in fruit, nutant); calyx lobes subobtuse, (1) 1.5-2 mm. long; corolla white, (14) 18 mm. across, the suberect or reflexing lobes 6-8 mm. long, partly papillose-pubescent; filaments minute, anthers (3.5) 5 mm. long, subellipsoid ; style 6-6.5 mm. long, stigma obtuse; berry about 14 (10) mm. in diameter. Bitter distinguished his plant by FLORA OF PERU 197 slightly shorter internodes, leaves and anthers; also by the smaller flowers, remarking that these characters may prove variable; he gave a description of Weberbauer 209, I.e. 93, from which I have drawn. F.M. Negs. 2611 (S. hypostichopogon) ; 33048 (S. barbulatum). Sec- tion Anthoresis. Piura: Palambla, (Weberbauer). Cajamarca: Cutervo, Jelski 56 (type, S. barbulatum) . Huambos, Prov. Chota, Stork & Horton 10066 (det. Standley) ; Soukup 4.534 (det. Morton, S. oblongum). La Liber- tad: Prov. Santiago de Chuco, Lopez 1012. Lima: Below Obrajillo, Wilkes Exped., type. Above Obrajillo, Pennell 144-18. Chicla, Weberbauer 209. Puente del Infiernillo (Lima-Oroya R. R.), Seler 236 (type, S. hypostichopogori) . Viso, 568. San Mateo and Matu- cana, Raimondi (det. Werdermann); Isern 2537. Huanuco: Muna to Tambo de Vaca, 2,500 meters, 4328 (open, spreading shrub). Near Muna, 4099. At 2,700 meters, Woytkowski 64 (det. Cuatrecasas, tips tomentose). Junin: Prov. Jauja, Ochoa 531. Carpapata, Soukup 3465 (det. Lyman Smith). Huancavelica: Salcabamba, Stork & Hor- ton 10273. Apurimac: Trancapata, Vargas 9621. Bolivia. "Shu- ruco" (Ochoa). Solatium amotapense Svens. Amer. Journ. Bot. 33: 483. 1946. Unarmed shrub 1 meter high, the contorted branches (these 5- 6 mm. thick) glabrous, sulcate, the younger branchlets and peduncles puberulent with simple rarely bifurcate or branched trichomes; peti- oles 2-4 cm. long; leaves alternate, approximate, cordate-ovate, acu- minate, to 9 cm. long, 5 cm. wide, sparsely pubescent above on the nerves, all over beneath, membranous; inflorescence terminal, mostly racemose, the peduncles 4-5 cm. long; calyx urceolate, 3-4 mm. broad, gibbous below, the 5 teeth 2 mm. long, strigose; corolla white, shortly campanulate, 1-1.5 cm. across, the 5 acute lobes pubescent without; filaments equal, basally adnate, 0.5-1 mm. long, anthers oblong, 5 or 6 mm. long, narrowed toward the apical pores; style glabrous, 9 mm. long; fruit globose, glabrous, brown, 1-1.5 cm. in diameter; seeds deltoid, 5 mm. thick, strongly compressed, yellow. This has a superficial resemblance to S. luteoalbum Persoon (Sven- son). The Weberbauer specimen has leaves to twice as large, corolla at least 2 cm. broad, filaments nearly 2 mm. long. Illustrated, Sven- son 484, pi. 19, fig. 1. Tumbez: Amotape Hills, Cerro Prieto, (Haught & Svenson 11634, type); Haught 195. East of Chicama, Weberbauer 7634? 198 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII Solanum anceps R. & P. Fl. Peruv. 2: 36, pi. 169. 1799; 155. Bassovia anceps (R. & P.) Rusby, Bull. Torrey Club 26: 197. 1899. Glabrous, the cymes obscurely or minutely granular; stems terete, little branched, about 1 meter high; leaves ovate-oblong-elliptic, acute or shortly acuminate (type), 1.5 dm. long, 8 cm. wide, or to 2.5 dm. long, nearly 1.5 dm. wide, or much smaller and narrower, a little decurrent at base into the 1.5-5 cm. long petiole; subumbellate cymes axillary, binate or ternate, in fruit to 2.5 cm. long, 3-7 (8) -flowered; pedicels 2-6 mm. long, slightly longer and erect in fruit; peduncles 12-15 mm. long; corolla greenish, petals 2 mm. long; stamens about 3 mm. long, the very short filaments capillary; anthers ovate-elliptic, connivent; style filiform, erect, longer than stamens, stigma bilobed; berry early conical, a little curved toward the long beak, whitish, 1.5 cm. long, nearly 1 cm. thick near base, cuspidate, at maturity about 1 cm. thick. Type imperfect; probably includes, naturally, S. theobromophyllum, S. angustialatum. Sub- genus Bassovia (Aublet) Bitter, Repert. Sp. Nov. 17: 329-331. 1921; Bitter included in this subgenus (as to Peru) S. incurvum (Cy- phomandra fide Werdermann), S. mite, S. conicum, S. diffusum, S. ternatum, S. angustialatum, S. hederiradiculum, S. theobromo- phyllum, S. trizygum, and S. Uleanum as well as S. suaveolens, var. Endlicheri and S. jasminoides; the subgenus included mostly Poly- botryon of Dunal, defined by Bitter as perennial herbs or subligneous, glabrous or nearly, inflorescence axillary, often geminate, flowers secund, filaments short, glabrous, style nearly, corolla rotate or stellate, berry globose or conical, sclerotic ("stone") granules lacking. This is not a subgenus as constituted but may be a not unnatural subgroup, with modification and expansion. F.M. Neg. (no num- ber). Bassovioides. Huanuco: Cuchero, Ruiz & Pavdn, type; Poeppig 1625. Divisoria, Woytkowski 560. Pampayacu, Poeppig 1469. Below Rio Santo Domingo, Rio Huallaga Canyon, 4243. Bolivia. Solanum angustialatum Bitter, Repert. Sp. Nov. 11: 471. 1912. Stems very or obscurely narrowly alate by the decurrent 8-10 mm. long petioles; leaves broadly lanceolate, attenuate at both ends, acute, to 2.5 dm. long, about 1 dm. wide, glabrous unless minutely stipitate-glandular on the 17-18 nerves both sides; peduncles gem- inate, axillary, to 12 mm. long, 10-14-flowered; pedicels glabrate but minutely glandular, about 5 mm. long; calyx 2 mm. across, FLORA OF PERU 199 scarcely lobed; corolla lobes 2-3 mm. long, papillose-pilose; filaments 0.3-0.4 mm. long, glabrous, anthers ellipsoid, 1.7 mm. long; style to 3.5 mm. long, with a few 1-2-celled trichomes toward the obtuse stigma, not obviously papillose. Originally placed by author in section Polybotryon. F.M. Neg. 33045. San Martin: Tarapoto, Spruce 484-9, type; 6260. Jepelacio, Klug 3757. San Roque, Williams 6929; 7689. Prov. Mayo, Williams 6260. "Viuda shambu" (Williams). Solatium anisophyllum Van Heurck & M. Arg. Obs. Bot. 52. 1870. Similar to S. confine Dunal but as to type all the upper leaves geminate, the smaller of each pair suborbicular and the flowers somewhat larger. It seems probable that these are variable char- acters and unless there are other differences the plant, with S. loretoanum Bitter, which apparently is intermediate, is actually a part of one entity. F.M. Neg. 22874. Section Leiodendron. San Martin: Tarapoto, Spruce 4250, type (once referred by Bitter to S. pulchrum); also 4830. San Roque, Williams 7616. Solatium aureum Dunal, Syn. 16. 1816; 102. Vars. latelanceo- latum Bitter, Bot. Jahrb. 54, Beibl. 119: 13. 1917; angustelanceolatum Bitter, I.e. S. cutervanum Zahlbr. Ann. Naturh. Hofm. Wien 7: 7. 1892. A sometimes climbing shrub with alternate narrowly lance- olate to ovate-elliptic subacute entire leaves, lustrous above in age, stellate-pilose beneath, and terminal laxly divaricate inflorescences pulverulent-tomentose with (at least early) rusty-yellow stellate branched trichomes; petioles to 1.5 cm. long; leaves 3-5 (-7) cm. long; lateral nerves 5-8, prominent beneath; peduncles dichotomous; pedicels basally articulate, 4-7 mm. (in fruit -12 mm.) long; calyx about 4 mm. long, 7-8 mm. across, the triangular lobes acute; corolla violet, about 17 mm. broad, tomentose without, the lanceolate- oblong lobes 6x4 mm., revolute margined; filaments minute, anthers narrow, to 4 mm. long, pubescent only within; style to 6.5 mm. long, curved below the subglobose stigma, papillate toward base; berry without granules. Perhaps the second of Bitter's vari- eties merits recognition on the basis of the leaves being narrowed at each end, the fruit the typical form, somewhat cordate at base; he gave a detailed description in Repert. Sp. Nov. 16: 83. 1919, which is in part included here. Perhaps correctly a part of S. nitidum 200 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII R. & P. The var. riobambense Werd., Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 12: 379. 1936, has leaves glabrous above and beneath except for a few brownish trichomes on midnerve; inflorescence irregularly dichot- omous; this is often so in contrast to the usually simple inflorescence of S. nitidum. Series Endotricha Bitter, anthers pubescent on the inner side, style papillose at base, and Series Monadelphoidea Bitter (includes S. monadelphum, S. marmellosanum, S. sessile, S. ptero- podum, S. amblophyllum, and S. hypostichopogori) are according to Bitter in 1920 "diverse." F.M. Negs. 2890; 33065 (S. cutervanum). Section Anthoresis. Piura: Ayavaca, Soukup 4337 (det. Morton). Cajamarca: Cutervo, Jelski 30 (type, S. cutervanum). Huanuco: Mito, 1859. Yanano, 4933. Chaglla, Weberbauer 6700 (type, var. latelanceolatum) . Ecuador. Solarium caudatum Dunal in DC. Prodr. 13: 140. 1852. Shrub with glandular subterete branches and leafless flowering branchlets, scarred by many large leaf- or flower-bases; leaves gla- brous, obovate-lanceolate, cuneate, abruptly cuspidate (acumen sub- falcate, 16 mm. long), about 2 dm. long and nearly one broad, unevenly verruculose beneath, 8-10 lateral nerves there prominent, reticulate with the veins; petioles subterete, canaliculate above, rugulose, 1.5-2 cm. long; peduncle (or perhaps branchlets?) to 3 dm. long, little incrassate toward apex; pedicels (or peduncles) 2- flowered, solitary or geminate; fruiting calyx 8 mm. across, deeply parted, the divisions linear, acute; berry globose, 8-10 mm. thick. Flowers unknown; the long subulate acumen from the rounded leaf-tip is only partly equaled by Killip & Smith 28087 (sterile in specimen seen) which Morton in herb, suggested as a new species. F.M. Neg. 34114. Section Leiodendron. Peru(?): (Ruiz & Pavdn, type, Herb. Geneva). Solarium chachapoyasense Bitter, Repert. Sp. Nov. 16: 13. 1919. A shrubby plant, possibly scandent, the leaves and upper branches (internodes 2-3 cm. long) densely and softly pubescent with yellowish simple hairs; petioles 1-1.5 cm. long; alternate leaves elliptic- lanceolate, 2.5-4.5 (6) cm. long, about 1.5-2 (4) cm. wide, mostly very oblique at the rounded base; minute (0.5-1.5 mm. long) stipule- like leaves present in the leaf -axils; inflorescence 5-6-flowered, con- gested to lax, borne at the tip of small branchlets, these with inter- FLORA OF PERU 201 nodes 2-7 mm. long; pedicels about 1 cm. long; calyx lobes lance- olate, often in part connate, 4 mm. long; corolla rotate-stellate, 1.5 cm. across, the lanceolate lobes involute and pilosulous toward tip, 8 mm. long; filaments 1 mm. long, pubescent below, anthers narrowly ellipsoid, 4 mm. long, cordate at base, introrse apical pores oblique; style 7.5-8 mm. long, glabrous or nearly, the stigma obviously bilobed. A soft, weak herb, corolla white (Stork & Hor- ton) but stem ligneous. The section, described by Bitter, I.e. 11: 247. 1913, includes in Peru also S. oxycoccoides Bitter and several Ecuadorian species, all with solitary flowers or few often on short axillary branchlets, stem usually scandent with nodal roots. F.M. Neg. 23104. Section Anarrichomenum. Cajamarca: Shrub-land west of Socota, 2,800 meters, Stork & Horton 10104- Amazonas: Chachapoyas, Mathews, type. Junin: Carpapata, Soukup 3463. Solatium chloranthum Spreng. Neue Entd. 28: 1822; 372? S. arenarium Sendt. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 10: 26, pi 3, figs. 16-18. 1846; DC. Prodr. 1: 129. 1852, fide Bitter, Repert. Sp. Nov. 16: 400. 1920. Shrub, the terete branchlets early pulverulent-tomentose with yellowish, densely branched trichomes, their branches divaricate, simple, this indument also on leaf venation above (lateral nerves 8-10), leaf-surface beneath and few-flowered simple inflorescences including the corolla without; petioles 3-5 mm. long, mostly solitary, the entire coriaceous leaves long-elliptic or lanceolate-elliptic, ob- liquely cuneate into petiole, obtuse, about 1-1.5 dm. long, nearly half as wide at or above the middle; racemes subopposite leaves, peduncles 4-7 mm. long, pedicels 7-9 mm. long; calyx 2.5 mm. long, 3.5 mm. broad, crenate, the lobes only about IXl mm.; corolla 8-10 mm. across, the lanceolate lobes 4 mm. long, 1.5 mm. wide, only the cucullate tip puberulent within; filaments basally connate, to 0.6 mm. long, anthers ellipsoid, emarginate, 2.2 mm. long; pores lateral and overhung; style slender, glabrous, 5 mm. long, stigma capitate. After Bitter, I.e., as to synonymy, who places plant in Anthoresis-Indubitaria. Peru (possibly). Brazil. Solanum confine Dunal in DC. Prodr. 13: 137. 1852. Glabrous half-shrub or shrub-tree, apparently near to S. oppositi- folium R. & P. but the lower leaves geminate, the larger ovate- lanceolate to elliptic, acuminate, unequal at decurrent base, to 202 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII nearly 1.5 dm. long (often apparently smaller) and half as wide, the smaller of each pair 2.5-5 cm. long, 1-2 cm. wide, sessile or subsessile, acute or obtuse, reticulate-veined, membranous, lustrous above, the 10 or 11 lateral nerves rather prominent beneath; cymes opposite the leaves, in flower to 1.5 cm. long, in fruit about 2 cm. long; pedicels about 8 mm. long, to 12 mm. long or longer in fruit, incrassate at tip; calyx urceolate, about 3 mm. broad, the lobes subovate, mucronate; corolla lobes lanceolate, acute, white, 2.5-3 mm. long; anthers fleshy, 2 mm. long, dehiscing by 2 subapical chinks; style straight, erect, clavate toward the capitate stigma, very spheroid, at least 6 mm. long. Sometimes a tree to 7 meters high (Killip & Smith); sometimes seems to have few, even no gem- inate leaves, and especially in fruit simulates the larger-flowered plant of Ruiz and Pavon; an apparent variation is var. curtum Macbr., var. nov., pedunculis pedicellisque circa 5-7 mm. longis. Some of the following collections may belong to S. loretoanum Bitter, scarcely distinguishable, at least in some cases. S. suprani- tidum Bitter, Repert. Sp. Nov. 18: 69. 1922, of adjacent Brazil may occur; the younger leaves beneath as the many-flowered in- florescence are villosulous. F.M. Negs. 6782; 2624 (var.). Section Leiodendron. San Martin: Tarapoto, Spruce 4161 (det. Bitter); 4830; Williams 5527; 6179; 6260; 6767 (var.). Juanjui, Williams 6921. San Roque, Williams 6929; 6965. Huanuco: Puerto Lira, Rio Pachitea, Killip & Smith 26829 (shade form). Prov. Huamalies, Weberbauer 2624? Loreto: Yurimaguas, Williams 4377; 3851; Killip & Smith 27610; 28163 (det. Morton); 27861; Poeppig 2279. Iquitos, Killip & Smith 26981; 29878; King 834 (type, var. curtum). Solanum cruciferum Bitter, Repert. Sp. Nov. 16: 402. 1920. A low (about 1 meter high) shrub well-marked by its subsessile (1-) 2-flowered lateral inflorescence and tetramerous calyx and co- rolla; branches and especially the leaves beneath very lightly tomen- tulose (trichomes many-celled) and glandular, in age glabrous; leaves alternate or geminate, subsessile, entire or undulate, oblong-lanceo- late, often acuminate, 2-4 cm. long, 7-12 mm. wide; pedicels deflexed, 1.5-2 cm. long, little longer in fruit; calyx lobes ovate, acuminate, minutely glandular, about 2 mm. long; corolla white, stellate, 14 mm. across, the broadly lanceolate cucullate lobes about 7 mm. long, partly pilose; filaments and anthers glabrous, the former 0.8 mm. long, basally connate, the latter narrowly ellipsoid, 4 mm. long; style FLORA OF PERU 203 straight, 6-6.5 mm. long; berry without granules. F.M. Neg. 2603. Section Anthopleuris. Cajamarca: Chugur, northwest of Hualgayoc, Weberbauer 4092, type. Solatium deflexiflorum Bitter, Repert. Sp. Nov. 18: 49. 1922. Shrub, glabrous or glabrate except the pulverulent nodes and branchlet tips, the leaves beneath, the 11 or so primary nerve-axils, the short inflorescences including calyces and the corollas, these white, stellate, especially toward the tip of the acute or subobtuse lanceolate lobes; petioles 7-12 mm. long; leaves broadly lanceolate, 4-4.5 cm. wide, 9.5-11 cm. long, acuminate into petiole, subacutely acuminate; inflorescence opposite leaves, simple, subsessile, 5 mm. long; flowers 12-15, pedicels 12-13 mm. long, deflexed; calyx cam- panulate, 2.5 mm. long, 4-5 mm. broad, lobes ovate, 1-1.5 mm. long; corolla 14-17 mm. across, lobes 6 or 7 mm. long, glabrous within; filaments glabrous, connate at base; style as stamens about 4.5 mm. long, the stigma capitate. Peruvian collections, det. Morton, "near S. deflexiflorum," with oval leaves, smaller flowers, so, perhaps var. diversum Macbr., var. nov., foliis 1-2 dm. longis, 8-10 cm. latis, corollis circa 5 mm. longis. Section Leiodendron. Loreto: Creek Carapisa, above Pongo de Manseriche, Mexia 6261 (type, var.). Colombia. Solanum dibrachiatum Van Heurck & M. Arg. Obs. Bot. 59. 1870. S. campaniforme Roem. & Schult. Syst. 4: 662. 1819, as to Peru? Shrub, glabrous or essentially, with geminate or in part alternate chartaceous leaves, the typically more or less obovate larger often 1.5- 2 dm. long, the smaller (when present) oblong-elliptic, 3-6 cm. long, nearly as wide, sometimes larger; peduncles forked or dichotomously branched, 1-4 cm. long, the branches becoming as long or longer; pedicels 5 mm. long in flower, incrassate but often not much longer in fruit; anthers to 5 mm. long; otherwise apparently similar to S. acuminatum R. & P. This plant has the aspect of a Cyphomandra without anther connective thickening; in Herb. Geneva it was noted by Bitter as a variety or subspecies of S. pulchrum Dunal. The leaves apparently vary from ovate-elliptic to oblong-lanceolate; several Iquitos specimens were referred by Morton to S. campaniforme Roem. & Schult. perhaps correctly, but they lack the long pedun- cles and filiform pedicels; on the other hand, while most of the in- 204 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII florescences are at least 1-furcate, the leaves resemble more S. oblon- gum (and S. acuminatum). Flowers greenish-white (Stork & Hor- ton); berries 13 mm. in diameter (Williams). F.M. Neg. 23021. Section Leiodendron. San Martin : Tarapoto, Spruce 4250, type. San Roque, Williams 7217; 7655. Juan Guerra, Wittiams 6860. Huanuco: Tingo Maria, Stork & Norton 9486. Loreto: Santa Rosa, Williams 4764; 4932; Killip & Smith 28971; 28717 (det. Morton). Puerto Arturo, Wil- liams 5238; Killip & Smith 27920. Yurimaguas, Williams 4097; 4596. Caballo-cocha, Williams 2095; 2224; 2281; 2310. Iquitos, Killip & Smith 27054 (det. Morton); Williams 7912; 8066; 8184. Rio Itaya, Williams 57; 248; 3518; 3385. La Victoria, Williams 2992; 3110. Pongo de Manseriche, Mexia 6338? (see note under S. pulchrum). Rancho Indiana, Mexia 6421 (det. Morton, S. campaniforme) . Solatium hederiradiculum Bitter, Repert. Sp. Nov. 11: 12. 1912. High-climbing liana, the pubescent branches affixed to tree-trunks by numerous rootlets; petioles 3-5.5 cm. long; leaves broadly elliptic, abruptly attenuate at base, subacuminate, to 18 cm. long, 9-10 cm. wide, at least the veins on both sides most minutely but densely pubescent; inflorescence axillary, mostly geminate, to 15-flowered; peduncles about 2.5 cm. long; pedicels 5 mm. (to 9 mm. in fruit) long; calyx pubescent, scarcely lobed, 2.5 mm. broad; corolla yellow- ish-white, the spreading lobes about 4 mm. long, densely pubescent without, especially at the cucullate apex; filaments scarcely 0.5 mm. long, anthers 2 mm. long; style papillose above, 4 mm. long; berry conical. Probably related to S. conicum R. & P., notwithstanding its simple leaves; cf. S. theobromophyllum Bitter, erect, and S. robusti- frons Bitter, creeping toward or at base. F.M. Neg. 2608. Section Polybotryon. Loreto: Yurimaguas, Ule 6276, type. Balsapuerto, King 2864- La Victoria, Williams 3137. Iquitos, Killip & Smith 27329. Solanum Lechleri Rusby, Bull. Torrey Club 26: 193. 1899. Stellate-tomentose, unarmed (type), the mature leaves dark green and only slightly pubescent above; petioles 1-2 cm. long, narrowly marginal; leaves 5-10 cm. long, 2-5 cm. wide, ovate, broadly rounded to subtruncate at base, acutely acuminate, entire, membranous, ve- nation slender; peduncles in type terminal, 4 cm. long; pedicels sub- pendent, 7-10 mm. long, weak; calyx 4-5 mm. long, lobed two-thirds, FLORA OF PERU 205 lobes ovate, subacute as broad sinuses; corolla substellate, at least 1 cm. across, lobes broadly ovate, obtuse; anthers yellow, 3.5 mm. long, pores subapical, introrse; style much longer, stigma small; berry dark, 7 mm. in diameter. Branches herbaceous; type (Rusby 790} from Yungas, Bolivia, but according to the author the same as Mandon 1106 and the Lechler collection, this presumably from south- ern Peru. Peru (Lechler 1939, fide author). Bolivia. Solatium loretoanum Bitter, Repert. Sp. Nov. 18: 70. 1922. Type an essentially glabrous shrub 1-2 meters high, upper branches 2.5-3 mm. in diameter, internodes 5-6 cm. long; lower leaves solitary, upper geminate, the larger broadly elliptic-lanceolate, often 1.5-2 dm. long, 7-9 cm. wide, broadly cuneate to short (5-6 mm. long) petiole, acutely or subobtusely acuminate, lateral nerves mostly 12, the smaller leaves obliquely ovate or suborbicular, obtuse or rounded, about 1.5 cm. long, to twice as broad; racemes 6-12-flowered, obscurely glandular; peduncles 5-17 mm. long; pedicels slender, slightly shorter than 1 cm.; calyx 1 mm. long, 2 mm. across, acute lobes marginally puberulent; corollas white, stellate, 8 mm. across, the lanceolate lobes 2.5-3 mm. long, papillose only at short recurved tips; filaments scarcely 0.5 mm. long, anthers broadly ellipsoid, 1.6 mm. long, apical introrse pores oblique; style glabrous as little shorter stamens. Cf. S. confine Dunal; calyx, developed, is probably larger. F.M. Neg. 2619. Loreto: Yurimaguas, Ule 6277, type. Mouth of Rio Santiago, Tessmann 3968; 4531 (vel aff., det. Werdermann). Pongo de Man- seriche, Mexia 62^7; 621 2 A (det. Morton). Solatium luteoalbum Pers. Syn. 1: 221. 1805; Dunal, Syn. 18. 1816; 121. S. pubescens R. & P. Fl. Peruv. 2: 36, pi. 169, fig. b. 1799, not Willd. 1794. S. foetidum R. & P. I.e. 39?, not Rottb. 1778. S. maleolens Macbr. Field Mus. Bot. 8: 111. 1930. A low shrub, rather sparsely and finely villous (with simple tri- chomes) ; leaves ovate, subabruptly acute; racemes lateral, the flowers whitish-yellow; petioles about 1.5 cm. long; leaves mostly 8-10 cm. long and about half as wide, early more or less puberulent or hispid- ulous mostly on the 5-7 pairs of nerves; calyx deeply parted, the acute lobes reflexed in fruit; berry orange, lustrous, globose, size of a cherry (Ruiz & Pavon), to 2 cm. thick, the fruiting peduncles to 4 cm. long, pedicels 1.5 (-2) cm. long, apically incrassate; seeds brownish-red or darker, reniform, 6 mm. long, 4 mm. wide, finely 206 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII scrobiculate. The description is drawn in part from my fruiting material, which apparently is this species. S. foetidum R. & P., at least as to Dunal, who describes the seeds as smooth, may not belong here; and if there are two species the glabrous or early puberulent one with foetid odor, "berries the size of walnuts," may be S. maleo- lens Macbr. (i.e. S. foetidum R. & P.) . The Cuzco specimens, in fruit, are canescent with a dense tomentum of stellate trichomes; no flowers but probably a distinct species, perhaps introduced; for convenience it may be recorded as var. tunya Macbr., var. nov., foliis utrinque stellato-tomentosis. F.M. Neg. 29723 (S. pubescens}. Huanuco: Cuchero, Ruiz & Pavdn, type. Mito, 3273. Yanano, 3795. Tarma, Ruiz & Pavdn (type, S. foetidum}; 1038. Cuzco: Ollantaitambo, Cook & Gilbert 387a; 804 (type, var.); West 6476 (var.). Brazil? "Ama de casa" (Ruiz & Pavon), "pajarito," "tunya- tunya" (Cook & Gilbert). Solatium manicatum Bitter, Bot. Jahrb. 50, Beibl. Ill: 63. 1913. Type a 3-meter shrub with lustrous purplish branches (decurrent lines obscure), glabrous except for tufts of branched trichomes in the axils of the leaf-nerves beneath and about the sleeve-like insertions of the pedicels on the inflorescence-branches; petioles 1-1.5 cm. long; leaves oblong-lanceolate, to 2 dm. long, 4-5 cm. wide, narrowed to each end, the lateral nerves (about 18) and veins impressed above, prominent beneath; inflorescence (type) nearly 1.5 dm. long and broad, terminal; pedicels slender, to 2.5 cm. long in flower; calyx 5-7 mm. wide, the rounded lobes 2x2 mm.; corolla white (pale yellowish, Metcalf), the spreading lobes lanceolate, acute, 1.5 cm. across, 6 mm. long, subcoriaceous, densely hairy at the cucullate apex; filaments short, glabrous, anthers deeply cordate, 5 mm. long; style in part pubescent, 6-8 mm. long; berry yellow-green, about 8 mm. in diameter. Related to S. oligerum Schlechtd. of Mexico but lacking the winged stems (Bitter); apparently, if correctly in- terpreted, in pubescence and inflorescence, the latter sometimes re- duced or perhaps simple. F.M. Neg. 2620. Section Anthoresis. San Martin: Jepelacio, Klug 3371. Ayacucho: Prov. of Huanta, between Tambo and the Rio Apurimac, Weberbauer 5643, type. Apurimac: Pachachaca Valley, West 3789 (det. Johnston, S. con- fine}. Cuzco: Marcapata, Metcalf 30729 (det. Killip). Solanum marmellosanum Bitter, Repert. Sp. Nov. 16: 89. 1920. FLORA OP PERU 207 Shrub, glabrous except for some obscure punctate glandulosity and a dense papillosity on the cucullate corolla lobes; leaves approx- imate, entire, sessile, broadly oblong-elliptic, becoming 3 dm. long, 1.5 dm. wide or larger, narrowed abruptly to base, gradually to acute apex, the 14-16 subparallel nerves prominent beneath; inflorescence terminal, 3-forked, many-flowered, peduncles 3 cm. long, pedicels at least 1 cm. long; calyx 6-7 mm. long, 7-8 mm. across, the lobes about 3 mm. long; corolla campanulate-stelliform, to 18 mm. across, the lanceolate lobes 8 or 9 mm. long; filaments shorter than 1 mm., an- nulate at base; anthers ellipsoid, emarginate basally, about 5 mm. long; style 3.5 mm. long, enlarged toward subclavate stigma. Near S. sessile R. & P. and probably merely a variant with slightly smaller flowers and apparently merges also with S. dibrachiatum Van Heurck & M. Arg. The Peruvian specimens have a small rounded leaf at the base of the larger but one is present on a similar specimen (Klug 2883} referred by Standley to S. sessile R. & P. and with the larger flowers of that species. Section (Anthoresis) Leiodendron. Loreto: Soledad, Killip & Smith 29564; 29712; 29779 (det. Mor- ton). Amazonian Brazil. Solarium maturecalvans Bitter, Bot. Jahrb. 11, Beibl. Ill: 64. 1913. Similar to S. amblophyllum Hook, but the tufts of pubescence felt-like and occurring irregularly on the leaf veins beneath and on the young branchlets; a low shrub, otherwise glabrous (minutely glandular on nerves above), with elliptic-lanceolate subcoriaceous leaves 5-9.5 cm. long, 2.5-3.5 cm. wide, and white flowers (about 6 mm. long) borne in short at least early terminal inflorescences of 3-6 flowers each; pedicels to 17 mm. long, in fruit 2 cm. long or longer; calyx lobes 2-2.5 mm. X 2 mm., rounded; corolla lobes 5-5.5 mm. long, densely pulverulent toward tip, papillose without; filaments minute, glabrous; anthers about 3.5 mm. long, the little longer style glabrous; stigmas subclavate; berry 12 mm. in diameter, granules absent. Probably will prove to be a part of S. amblophyllum Hook. F.M. Neg. 2622. Section Anthoresis. Ayacucho: Prov. of Huamanga, above Quinua, Weberbauer 5543, type. Solarium Miquelii Morton, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 29: 43. 1944. S. laetum Miq. Stirp. Surinam 135. 1850, not Kunze, 1842. S. sempervirens Dunal in DC. Prodr. 13: 88. 1852, not Miller, 1768. 208 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII S. crispum R. & P. Fl. Peruv. 2: 31, pi. 158, fig. a. 1799, at least as to Peru. Vine, the upper slightly angled stems and terminal panicles pilos- ulous-puberulent, in Peru stellulately, typically also punctiform- glandular; petioles more or less curved, 6-10 mm. (in Peru to 3 cm.) long; leaves glabrous, subrepand to plicate-undulate, subcoriaceous (in Peru membranous), few-nerved and reticulate beneath, broadly ovate to ovate-elliptic-lanceolate, unequally cordate or rounded at base, obtuse to acuminate, many very unequal, often 5-7 cm. long, 3-5 cm. wide; panicles to 1 dm. long, foliose at base, branches few, short, divaricate; pedicels 4-6 mm. long; calyx 3 mm. broad, the broad subquadrate lobes mucronulate; corolla bluish or lilac, 1 cm. long, segments suboblong, puberulent; anthers oblong-linear, to 6 mm. long, obliquely dehiscent. S. crispum R. & P. as to type is Chilean and has anthers only 3 mm. long; it may be a variable species. Hudnuco: Forest edge, Divisoria, Woytkowski 550 (det. Cuatre- casas, S. crispum) . Loreto : Rio Nanay, Williams 51 1 ; 54-9. Florida, Rio Zubineta, Klug 2320; 2071 (det. Morton). Mouth of Rio Tigre, Kittip & Smith 27589 (det. Morton). Chile(?); Guianas. Solatium monadelphutn Van Heurck & M. Arg. Obs. Bot. 42. 1870. Shrub, glabrous except the white flowers within; closely related to S. sessile R. & P. but leaves mostly much smaller, sublanceolate, 8-17 cm. long, 1.5-4.5 (6) cm. wide, lateral nerves yellowish, 9-10; inflorescence 2-3-forked, many-flowered; peduncles to 4 cm. long, pedicels to 7 mm. long, probably larger in fruit; calyx about 5 mm. long, 6 or 7 mm. wide, unequal, 3 lobes 2-2.5 mm. long; corolla about 12 mm. long, 14 mm. across, two-thirds connate, the free por- tion of the lobes broadly triangular, acute, 5-7 mm. long, apically only papillose-pilose; filaments 5, connate at base for nearly 2 mm., to 2.7 mm. long; anthers ellipsoid, emarginate at base, 5 mm. long, 1.5-1.8 mm. wide, glabrous as the straight style, this 4-6 mm. long, the stigma obtuse. After Bitter, Repert. Sp. Nov. 16: 87. 1920; Allard determinations by L. Smith. F.M. Neg. 22902. Sec- tion Anthoresis. San Martin: Tarapoto, Spruce 4051, type; Ule 6632; Williams 6734. Boqueron Pass, Allard 21719; 22111. Huanuco: Tingo Ma- ria, Allard 21153; 21728 A. Chaglla, 3656. Loreto: Puerto Yessup, Kittip & Smith 26400 (det. Morton). Yuroc, Allard 22148. FLORA OF PERU 209 Solatium nitidum R. & P. Fl. Peruv. 2: 33, pi. 163. 1799; 93. S. angustifolium R. & P. I.e., not Lam. 1797. S. pulverulentum Pers. Syn. 1: 223. 1805, not L.; 100. S. gnaphalioides Pers. I.e.; 127. S. calygnaphalum R. & P. I.e. 31; 127. S. stenophyllum HBK. ex Dunal, Syn. 15. 1816; 101. S. havanense Jacq. Enum. Carib. 15. 1760, as to Peru. Typically glabrous except the inflorescence (this also glabrous in a var.), the branches above subherbaceous, lustrous as the leaves, these ordinarily oblong-lanceolate, subrepand, acute or shortly de- current at base, more or less acuminate, mostly 1-1.5 dm. long, 2.5- 4 cm. wide, the many slender subparallel lateral nerves reticulate with the veins and rather prominent beneath; petioles 5-15 mm. long; racemes early terminal, the lower opposite the often crowded leaves pulverulent to stellate-tomentulose (except var.), often in- cluding the calyces; pedicels subumbellate, articulate at base, api- cally incrassate, arcuate in fruit when at least 1 cm. long, calyx cyathiform, the 5 ovate-subulate segments acute, scarcely 2 mm. long; corolla lilac-purple, deeply 5-parted, 1.5-1.8 cm. across, the lanceolate-oblong segments subobtuse; stamens equal, anthers linear, subemarginate, dehiscing by short finally lateral chinks; style straight, longer than stamens, the stigma subglobose-capitate; berry 8-10 mm. in diameter, dark red when mature, the small dark seeds angular. Variable in size, especially of leaves, and in extent of pubescence (S. calygnaphalum, S. pulverulentum) ; this, apparently correctly, was treated as a variety of S. calygnaphalum by Bitter in Herb. Madrid, and for convenience ought to be recorded as a variant of S. nitidum. Bitter once wrote S. calygnaphalum var. nitidum (R. & P.) Bitter. S. gonocladum Dunal, 93, type from La Paz, is apparently similar and may be Hutchison's 1243, but extreme in being densely canes- cently pubescent. S. stenophyllum HBK., 101, is doubtfully more than a narrower-leaved individual (leaves to 8 cm. long, 1.5 cm. wide) of the puberulent form. S. havanense Jacq. has broadly elliptic co- rolla lobes, blue berries. Most extreme is P. C. Hutchison's 1243, which may be distinct, here recorded as var. Hutchisonii Macbr., var. nov., glaberrimum; petiolis 2 cm. longis, foliis 5-6 cm. longis, ad 1.5 cm. latis, subovatolanceolatis, veniis obscuris; pedunculis 1- 2 cm. longis, pedicellis 1.5 cm. longis; floribus glabris calyce irregu- lariter 2-3-fido, laciniis plus minusve connatis, subulato-apiculatis; petalis glabris vel margine breviter ciliolatis, circa 8 mm. longis. F.M. Neg. 29726. 210 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII The berries are used as a yellow dye (Raimondi) and as a cos- metic and are saponaceous; leaves when toasted expel thorns (Ruiz and Pavon). Piura: Olleros to Yauta, (Bonpland, type, S. stenophyllum) . Ancash: Chiquidn, Ferreyra 5836. Recuay, 2515. Lima: Oyon, 3,000 meters, Ferreyra 3536. Chicla, Safford. Rio Blanco, Kittip & Smith 21714. Banos, Wilkes Exped. Huanuco: Acomayo, Ruiz & Pavdn (type, S. angustifolium). Mito, 1670. Near Tambo de Vaca, Woytkowski 117; 144. Junin: La Quinua, 2011; Ochoa 328. Tarma and Acobamba, Ruiz & Pavdn (type, S. angustifolium, S. calygna- phalum). Tarma, 1075; Soukup 2539; Ruiz & Pavon, type. Car- papata, Killip & Smith 24365. Ocopa, Kittip & Smith 22002. Huan- cayo, Ledig 3; Isern 2062; Killip & Smith 23846. Huancavelica: Pampas, Smith & Horton 10241; 10833; Soukup 2772. Ayacucho: Tortorabama, Weberbauer 5483. Lucanas, Hutchison 1243 (var.). Ccarrapa, Killip & Smith 22468. Apurimac: Cunyac, Prov. Aban- cay, Vargas 461; Ferreyra 2792. Cuzco: Panticalla Pass, Cook & Gilbert 1889. Puquiura, Cook & Gilbert 1937. Near Cuzco, Hen era 684; Pennell 13709. Paucartambo, Pennett 14148; Hen era 1070. Valle de Vilcanota, Velarde Nunez 1325. Puno: Near Puno, Soukup 360; Mexia 04200 (det. Johnston, S. pulverulentum) . Chuquito, Metcalf 30678. Limbani, Metcalf 30470 (det. Killip). Tacna: Azapa, Eyer dam 24645. Candarave, Metcalf 30378. "Nununya," "rapace" (both Ruiz & Pavon), "campucassa," "huiscacassa," "tacachilla," "catruincho," "cahuincho," "illauru." Solatium nutans R. & P. Fl. Peruv. 2: 34, pi. 166, fig. a. 1799; 128. A shrub, rusty tomentose-pulverulent, especially the young branch- lets, leaves beneath, calyx and corolla, the flexuose branches glabrate in age as leaves above; pubescence branched on younger branchlets, sublanuginous; petioles to 1.5 cm. long; leaves elliptic-ovate, mostly 1-1.5 dm. long, 4.5-6 cm. wide or larger, shortly acuminate, rather prominently reticulate-veined especially beneath; lateral nerves many; inflorescence opposite the leaves, to 2.5 cm. long, in fruit to 3 cm., closely few-flowered, the peduncle none or recurved, pedicels apically incrassate, 2-5 mm. long; calyx subcampanulate, 5-7 mm. across, glabrous within, the oblong segments subobtuse, corolla about 8 mm. long, 1 cm. broad, pulverulent without, glabrous within, 5-parted nearly to base, the ovate-lanceolate segments acutely acuminate, cream-colored or white; stamens equal, subsessile, half as long as FLORA OF PERU 211 corolla, the stout dark purple anthers dehiscing by 2 anterior chinks; ovary subangled, glabrous, the straight erect subtrisulcate style longer than the stamens, the stigma obscurely trilobed; fruit yellow, globose, 2 cm. in diameter. F.M. Neg. 2627. Section Anthopleuris. Cajamarca: Cutervo, Raimondi. Huanuco: Pillao, Ruiz & Pa- v6n, type. Southwest of Huanuco, 2103; Dombey. Yanahuanca, 1214- Northwest of Mito, 1925. Mito, 1473. Mufia, 4278; 4325. Tambo de Vaca, 4416? (fruit). Gauhuncho, Sawada 52. Junin: Pichis Trail, Kittip & Smith 25835? "Chuculate" (Ruiz & Pavon), "campucassa," "huiscacassa." Solanum oblongifolium HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 3: 27. 1818; 96. S. hypomalacophyllum Bitter, in Pittier, Man. PI. Us. Venez. 137. 1926? Branches smooth, glabrous, the branchlets (type) as peduncles, pedicels (4-6 mm. long) villous pubescent; petioles 12-16 mm. long, canaliculate, auriculate, with small sessile suborbicular leaves in the axils; leaves geminate, elliptic-oblong, acute, narrowed to base, subentire, 1.5 dm. long, nearly half as wide, the smaller about half as large, firm-membranous, glabrous and green above, paler and (typ- ically) pubescent beneath on the midnerve and veins, or fulvous- tomentose (Bitter) ; flowers many, in subterminal bifid pilose recurv- ing racemes; pedicels incrassate apically; calyx subglabrous, 6-7 mm. across, the 5 equal spreading segments subrotund-ovate, obtuse; corolla white, glabrous, about 1.5 cm. across, the ovate-oblong obtuse lobes spreading; stamens equal, half as long as corolla, subsessile, anthers connivent, oblong-linear, obtuse, apically bipored, equaling erect style, stigma obtuse. Bitter's description reads: Tall robust fistulose herb, large lanceolate leaves glabrous above, fulvous tomen- tose beneath, flowers small in terminal corymbs; thus essentially a nomen nudum; type from Merida, Venezuela; HBK. type from Colombia. The Peruvian variant has leaves to 3 dm. long, nearly 1 dm. wide, alately long-decurrent to a broad short petiole, small leaves at axils, larger leaves (in each pair) not very unequal, scurfy tomentose beneath, perhaps varying in development but worthy of note as var. Soukupii Macbr., var. nov., petiolis subalatis, f oliis subequalibus, subtus furfuraceo-tomentosis. Piura: Ayavaca, Soukup 4336 (type, var.). Cajamarca: Huam- bos, 2,000 meters, Soukup 4493 (det. Cowan). Colombia; Venezuela? Solanum oblongum R. & P. Fl. Peruv. 2: 34, pi. 165, fig. b. 1799; 148. 212 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII Allied to S. acuminatum R. & P.; glabrous except for a glandular exudate and often a sparse puberulence on inflorescence, on the young branches and beneath near the midrib; petioles 1-3 cm. long; leaves strongly geminate, usually coriaceous, veins reticulate- impressed above, more or less prominent beneath, ordinarily with 10-12 primary nerves; larger leaves oblong-elliptic, subobtuse to acuminate, 1-2 dm. long, half as wide, the smaller similar or broader but shorter, often 5-8 cm. long scarcely half as wide; flowers crowded, the racemes 1-4 cm. long, peduncles 1-1.5 cm. long (rarely none?); pedicels to 1.5 cm. long, rather stout, somewhat longer and incrassate above in fruit; calyx campanulate, lobes short, rounded but minutely mucronulate; corolla white or faintly purplish, stellate, 1-2 cm. across, the oblong-lanceolate lobes puberulent at cucullate tip, 8-10 mm. long; anthers oblong-ellipsoid, 4.5-5.5 mm. long, the filaments 0.3-1 mm. long; style 6 mm. long, glabrous as ovary, the stigma bilobed. My material is glabrous, the anthers shorter, the filaments longer than in the specimens described by Bitter, Bot. Jahrb. 54, Beibl. 119: 13. 1916, from Weberbauer and Ruiz and Pavon collections. My 3732 has obtusely acuminate leaves, cuneate at base, while 5205 has puberulent branches, submembranous acu- minate leaves, peduncle obsolete; it can be recorded as var. abrup- tum Macbr., var. nov., ramulis pulverulentis, pedunculis obsoletis vel abrupte pedicellatis, pedicellis 1-3; foliis subabrupte acuminatis. May be new but the large fleshy corollas seem to be typical; ob- viously there are either more specific entities in this complex (that includes S. triste Jacq. of the West Indies with capitate stigmas) or fewer. F.M. Neg. 2628. Section Leiodendron. San Martin: San Roque, Williams 7330. Huanuco: Pillao, Ruiz & Pavdn, type. Yanano, 3732. Rio Chinchao, 5205? Chaglla to Muna, Weberbauer 6709 (det. Bitter). Junin: Vitoc, Raimondi (det. Werdermann). Solanum ochrophyllum Van Heurck & M. Arg. Obs. Bot. 50. 1870. Branchlets toward apex, solitary or geminate leaves beneath (above quite glabrous) and the several-flowered umbelliform cymes opposite them in type densely lanate- or arachnoid-tomentose with more or less fulvous trichomes; petioles 1.5-5 cm. long or longer; geminate leaves moderately unequal, all approximate, lanceolate, narrowed to base, acute, often 8-10 cm. long, half as wide; peduncles to 1 cm. long, usually shorter, pedicels about 5, to 1.5 cm. long; FLORA OF PERU 213 calyx cupulate, coriaceous, nearly 3 mm. long, the 5 short rounded lobes broader than high, the margin cartilaginous; corolla 7 mm. long, parted nearly to base, the lobes long-oval; stamens subsessile, anthers 4 mm. long, the 2 large terminal pores promptly elongating into lateral chinks; berry 1 cm. in diameter. Not closely allied to any species but approaches S. nutans R. & P. (authors); type, Mandon ^16 from Sorata, Bolivia. Apparently S. hypomalacothrix Bitter, Repert. Sp. Nov. 18: 70. 1922, is allied or a variant with calyx subpatelliform, the strongly apiculate lobes membranously joined below; especially interesting because the author himself as- signed it to section Anthopleuris but remarked: gehort wohl noch zu Leiodendron. The Peruvian specimens (in flower) listed are less densely pubescent especially on the leaves beneath, the veins not concealed, and approach specimens of S. nutans R. & P. from the upper edge of its range; this southern shrub may prove to be a variant here or of S. nutans in which case the Bolivian plant is also perhaps another variation; the collection of the late eminent zoologist and humanist Karl P. Schmidt may become the type of S. ochrophyllum Van Heurck & M. Arg. var. Schmidtii Macbr., var. nov., foliis pedicellisque glabratis, veniis conspicue reticulatis. The specimens in early fruit already have glabrate submembranous leaves but perhaps the scant indument was due to habitat, a wet quebrada. Ayacucho: Choimacota, Weberbauer 7551 (var. Schmidtii}. Above Ocros, West 3671 (toward S. nutans}. Cuzco: Hacienda de Urcos, Schmidt (type, var. Schmidtii). Urubamba, Soukup 36. Cerro de Cusilluyoc, 3,200 meters, Pennell 14-152. Marcapata, 2,500 meters, Vargas 9662 (det. Standley) Calca, Prov. Anta, Vargas 4,39. Bolivia. Solarium oppositifolium R. & P. Fl. Peruv. 2: 35, pi. 168, fig. 8. 1799; 137. S. urceolatum Pers. Syn. 1: 223. 1805? A glabrous shrub with elliptic-oblong, acuminate leaves, acu- minate to acute base, all alternate and 2-several flowered racemes borne opposite them; leaves a little undulate-repand, lustrous above, pale green, chartaceous, 1.5 dm. long, often 5-6 cm. wide, reticulate- veined, primary nerves 9 or 10, slender, prominent beneath; petioles 4-12 mm. long; peduncles 5-10 mm. long; racemes about 2 cm. long to twice as long in fruit, the pedicels 4-6 mm. long, after anthesis to 2 cm., and incrassate, especially apically; calyx 3 mm. broad, enlarging in fruit, urceolate, broadly and irregularly 5-dentate; corolla white, 8 mm. long, 1.5 cm. broad, the lanceolate-oblong lobes somewhat uncinate at tip; anthers oblong, 5 mm. long, apically 214 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII dehiscent from elongate chink, filaments very short. Werdermann in Herb. Madrid uses the Persoon name, but it seems unnecessary to discard the cognomen of Ruiz and Pavon; simulates narrow- leaved forms of S. dibrachiatum Van Heurck & M. Arg. but in- florescence simple. F.M. Neg. 29729. Section Leiodendron. Junin: Prov. Tarma, Woytkowski 353 (distr. as S. nitidum). Chanchamayo Valley, Schunke 258; 259; 272; 534. Near La Merced, 5768. San Ramon, Williams 45^5. Vitoc, Tafalla, type. Solatium oxycoccoides Bitter, Repert. Sp. Nov. 16: 14. 1919. A small trailing slender-stemmed perennial, woody below, rooting at the nodes; pubescence of branches and leaves rather sparse, simple, the ovate leaves beneath between the veins also minutely glandular; petioles 1-3 mm. long; leaves rounded, truncate or subcordate at base, narrowed to obtuse apex, 0.5-1.5 cm. long, 3-9 mm. wide; flowers solitary, terminal, on glabrate pedicels about 6 mm. long; calyx to 8 mm. broad, the acute lobes spreading, 2-2.5 mm. long; corolla at first violet, later white, stellate, 1.5 cm. across, the lan- ceolate lobes about 5 mm. long, pilosulous at the little cucullate tip; filaments nearly glabrous, 1-1.3 mm. long; anthers ellipsoid, emarginate both ends, 4 mm. long, the oblique introrse pores finally somewhat laterally dehiscent; style 7-8 mm. long, obscurely papillose, incrassate to the globose-capitate stigma. My specimen has longer petioles and larger flowers. See S. chachapoyasense Bitter regarding the section. F.M. Neg. 2629. Section Anarrichomenum. Ancash: Near Yungay, Weberbauer 3279, type. Huanuco: Chas- qui, 3293. Solatium patellare Van Heurck & M. Arg. Obs. Bot. 53. 1870. Shrub, sparsely to rather densely puberulent-hispidulous on the leaf-veins beneath, on the flowering branchlets and on rachis and pedicels of the short (about 1.5 cm. long) inflorescences; leaves notably thin, oblong-elliptic, all the smaller ovate (6-8 X 4.5 cm.), the larger a dm. long or longer by about 6 cm. wide, all moderately acuminate, acute at base, the petioles 8 mm. (small leaves) to 2 cm.; racemes crowded or pseudocymose, sometimes furcate; flowering pedicels 8 mm. long; calyx shallowly lobed, the broadly triangular acute teeth about 1 mm. high; petals narrowly ovate-oblong, 8 mm. long; anthers ellipsoid, 2.5 mm. long. The Klug collections have branchlets and leaves beneath on nerves hispidulous, longer calyx FLORA OF PERU 215 teeth and anthers and may be distinct. F.M. Neg. 22904 (Spruce 4914}' Section Leiodendron. San Martin: Tarapoto, Spruce 4845, type; 4914 (det. Bitter). Jepelacio near Moyobamba, Klug 3262? Loreto: Florida, Rio Putu- mayo, Klug 2214? (det. Standley with query, S. pukhrum). "Manao- ey" (Klug). Solatium patulum Pers. Syn. 1: 223. 1805; 95. S. lanceolalum R. & P. Fl. Peruv. 2: 33, pi. 164- 1799, not Cav., 1797. A shrub or small tree to 5 meters high, young branchlets, leaves beneath and inflorescence yellowish-puberulent or subtomentose; branches flexuose, yellowish, lustrous in age; petioles about 1-2 cm. long; leaves lanceolate, glabrate and somewhat lustrous above, atten- uate at base and apex, acutely acuminate, or obtuse or rounded on the lateral branchlets, mostly 1-1.5 dm. long, 2-3.5 (4.5) cm. wide; inflorescence at first terminal, subpaniculate; peduncles 1-3 cm. long; pedicels 1-2 cm. long; calyx campanulate, deeply lobed (lobes lan- ceolate, acute or obtuse), 6-9 mm. long; corolla violet (or pure white, forma album Macbr.), rotate-stellate, 1.5-2 cm. long, 4-5 cm. broad, the broad lobes abruptly acuminate; stamens nearly 2 mm. inserted above base; ovary minutely papillose (as style or this also pubescent toward base); stigma capitate (in type). A beautiful species with an abundance of flowers, a rather light wistaria color; berry black, 1 cm. in diameter. Var. pilosistylum Bitter, Bot. Jahrb. 54, Beibl. 119: 9. 1916, has style pubescent and papillose toward the base, the stigma manifestly bilobed; sclerotic granules lacking. In part after Bitter, I.e. 8. Section Dulcamara. Huanuco: At Muiia and Tambo Nuevo, Ruiz, type. Tambo de Vaca, 4351; 4441 (type, forma album). Huancavelica: South of Sur- cubamba, Weberbauer 6477 (type, var.). Tayacaja, Velarde Nunez 2008. "Urahuacta." Solatium pseudocapsicum L. Sp. PL 184. 1753; 152. A small glabrous shrub the wood of the branches rather soft with repand oblong-lanceolate acutely acuminate leaves about 6 cm. long and 1-1.5 cm. wide; the petioles apically alate, 6-8 mm. long; pedicels 1-3 in each axil, 6 mm. long in flower and more or less cernu- ose, twice as long and ascending in fruit; corolla white, 6 mm. long, 8-10 mm. broad, the calyx lobes ovate-lanceolate; anthers yellow, connivent, the oval linear cells apically dehiscent; berry red or yel- low. Spontaneous or cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions. 216 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII Illustrated, Rev. Invest. Agric. Argentina 2: 193. 1948. Section (Pseudocapsicum) Leiodendron. Huanuco: Waste land in the pueblo Tomaiquichua, below Ambo, 2439. Solatium psidiifolium Rusby, Bull. Torrey Club 26: 194. 1899. S. divernicascens Bitter, Repert. Sp. Nov. 11: 483. 1913, fide Bitter, I.e. 16: 408. 1916. S. Lindenii Rusby, Mem. Torr. Bot. Club 6: 88. 1896? Except as to type (S. Lindenii) branchlets (these stout) and leaves beneath more or less stellulate puberulent; leaves oval-ovate; abruptly contracted at rounded base into the broad marginal petioles (1-1.5 cm. long), subobtuse or subacute, heavy coriaceous, the slender nerves (about 12 pairs) somewhat grooved above, prominent beneath; pe- duncles erect, thick, to 2 cm. long; cymes more or less open, 2-3 cm. across, or larger, sometimes 25-flowered, pedicels flaccid, to 1.5 cm. long; calyx as whitish corolla fleshy, 4 mm. long, 5 mm. broad, black- ish tube dark, lobes semicircular, about one- third as long; corolla stellate, 1 cm. across, the lobes ovate; style stout, angulate, exceed- ing stamens 1 mm.; anthers oblong, straight, 4-6 mm. long, the large elongated pores subterminal as in S. brevipedunculatum Rusby. After author as to type of S. psidiifolium. S. Lindenii as to type is glabrous, leaves narrower; the later described plant may be distinct but the leaves vary in width, sometimes are inequilateral, obtuse or acute, sparingly to rather densely stellate-pubescent, cymes in short dense or longer-peduncled loose cymes (Rusby); it seems probable that these plants are part of S. oblongum R. & P. Stone cells of berries 2 (S. psidiifolium). Section Oppositifolia, fide Bitter, i.e. An- thoresis, part. Junin: Carpapata, Killip & Smith 24364 (det. Morton). Bolivia. Solatium pulchrum Dunal, Syn. 15. 1816; 96. S. pulchrum Dunal, var. peruvianum Dunal in DC. Prodr. 13, pt. 1: 96. 1852. Type with rugose terete lustrous branches 6 mm. thick; leaves geminate, or (in Peru) often alternate, lanceolate-elliptic or oblong, cuneate to petioles about 1 cm. long, reticulate-veined (primary nerves 7-9, prominent and typically puberulent beneath), the larger about 2 dm. long, 7-10 cm. wide, the smaller (sometimes absent) acute to rounded, about a fourth as large (leaves not so large in known Peruvian collections); panicles becoming lateral, to 2 dm. long and broad, often much smaller, puberulent at apex, peduncles FLORA OF PERU 217 several cm. long, pedicels crowded, early filiform, 10-12 mm. long, in fruit 1.5-2 cm. long, a little incrassate below the globose berry, this 1 cm. in diameter; calyx subhemispheric, about 6 mm. across, semi-parted into 5 short unequal subcoriaceous lobes, sublucid at apex; corolla (1) 1.5 cm. across, the lanceolate segments acute, scarcely 5 mm. long (longer in type), twice as long as the equal sta- mens, anthers 5 mm. long, subcylindric-conical; style filiform, 7 mm. long, stigma subclavate. After Dunal, the Peruvian plant not, as indicated, quite in agreement, especially in the considerably smaller flowers; here or hereabouts, may be undescribed as suggested by Morton, in herbaria is Mexia 6338, Pongo de Manseriche, with mem- branous unequal geminate leaves alately marginal to base, shortly pedunculate 1-2-forked inflorescences in axils, 3-6 cm. long, pedicels 10 mm. long. Illustrated, Mart. Fl. Bras. 6: pi. 4, figs. 24-30. F.M. Neg. 2843 (var.). Section Anthoresis. San Martin : Pongo de Cainarachi, Klug 2659 (distr. as S. mona- delphum). Loreto: Florida, mouth of Rio Zubineta, Klug 2063 (det. Morton) . Puerto Arturo, Yurimaguas, Williams 524-6; Poeppig 2093 (type, var.). Pro on the Rio Amazon, Williams 1993. Brazil. Solanum robustifrons Bitter, Repert. Sp. Nov. 11: 473. 1912. Stems stout, creeping and rooting below, the erect portion about 2 dm. high; petioles 5.5-7 cm. long; leaves glabrous, broadly rhombic- lanceolate, attenuate at both ends, about 2.5 dm. long, 1.5 dm. wide to at least twice larger; peduncles opposite leaves, solitary, branched, 1-1.5 cm. long, in type to 50-flowered; pedicels early 5 mm. long (slightly incrassate and 1.5 cm. in fruit) ; calyx lobes lanceolate, early 1.5 mm. long, in fruit 2-2.5 mm. long; corolla lobes lanceolate, acute, about 3 mm. long (to 6 mm., Klug 3662), a third as wide, papillose; filaments (0.6 mm. long) and style glabrous (in one example 1.2 mm. long, perhaps longer); berry globose, at least 1 cm. in diameter. The large-flowered material may not belong here or the species is variable at least in this respect. Cf. Bitter, I.e. 17: 330. 1921; orig- inally referred to Polybotryon. F.M. Neg. 33105. Section Leiodendron. San Martin : Jepelacio, Klug 3632; Klug 3491 ? (peduncle long) . San Roque, Williams 6952? Huanuco: Tingo Maria, Allard 21667 (det. with query, L. B. Smith). Loreto: Yurimaguas, Poeppig 2483, type; Killip & Smith 28032. Solanum salviifolium Lam. Illus. 2: 14. 1793 or 1778?; 107 (as S. radula Vahl., 1798) . S. citrifolium Willd. ex Roem. & Schult. Syst. 218 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII 4: 662. 1819, and HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 3: 452. 1819; 109. S. radula Vahl. Eclog. 2: 16. 1798. S. clathratum Sendt. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 6: 35. 1846; 120. S. oblitum Dunal in DC. Prodr. 13, pt. 1: 126. 1852. Branches slender, terete, flexuose, pulverulent-tomentose and subleprose, as the partly geminate leaves beneath and corymbs in- cluding the flowers; petioles of the larger leaves 5-8 mm. long; blades ovate-lanceolate, more or less obliquely rounded at base, acute or acuminate, green but minutely and sparsely stellulate above, the (5) 6-8 lateral nerves